Ubani owawunqoba i-Mount Everest kuqala? Ngumuphi umnyaka abawunqobile u-Everest?

IRiphabhlikhi yaseNepal, eyaziwa ngokuthi indawo yokuzalwa yaseBuddha, yiyona ephakeme kakhulu yezintaba emhlabeni. Ehlangothini olusenyakatho lukhawulelwe yi-Great Himalayan Range, edume ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwamamitha angu-8000, phakathi kwayo yiNtaba i-Everest - intaba ephakeme kakhulu emhlabeni (8848 metres).

Everest: ngubani owawunqoba indawo yabonkulunkulu

Ngokusho ngezinkolelo ezidumile, le ndawo yayibhekwa njengendawo yokuhlala yabonkulunkulu, ngakho akekho ocabanga ukukhuphukela lapho.

Isihloko sezwe sasinamagama akhethekile: Jomolungma ("Umama unkulunkulukazi wezwe") - phakathi kwamaTibetan noSagarmatha ("Ubuningi bamazulu") - iNepalese. I-Everest yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi yedwa kusukela ngo-1856, lapho iChina, i-India, kanye nomholi oqondile wokuqamba kabusha kabusha - umbusi waseBrithani, isazi sesayensi ye-geodetic, oyedwa wezempi - uGeorge Everest, owayengowokuqala ukucacisa indawo eqondile ye-Himalaya kanye nokuphakama kwayo, akazange avumelane. Emaphephandabeni, kusekhona izingxabano ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi intaba e-Asia akufanele ibe negama laseYurophu. Ubani owawunqoba iNtaba i-Everest kuqala - ukuphakama cishe wonke amaphupho ezintaba?

Ubuhle obuhle bephezulu emhlabeni

Imvelo ka-Everest ngamadwala, izinhlanzi kanye neqhwa eliphakade libi kakhulu futhi lihle kakhulu. Cishe ama-frost aqinile kakhulu lapha (phansi kuya ku--60 ° C), izimo ezivame ukuqhuma ama-avalanche kanye neqhwa, futhi izintaba ezisezintabeni nxazonke zishaywa yimimoya emibi kakhulu, ijubane lokugwedla elifinyelela ku-200 km / h. Emaphethelweni angaba ngu-8 000 wamamitha, "indawo yokufa" iqala, okuthiwa ukungabi khona oksijini (30% yemali ekhona elwandle).

Ingozi yalokho?

Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwezimo zemvelo ezinonya, ukunqoba kuka-Everest kwakuyilophu eliyigugu labaningi abagibelayo emhlabeni. Hlala phezulu emaminithini ambalwa ukuze wehle emlandweni, ubuke umhlaba kusukela eziqongweni zezulu - akunjalo yini injabulo? Ngenxa yesikhashana esingenakulibaleka abagibeli bazimisele ukubeka ukuphila kwabo engozini. Futhi basengozini, bazi ukuthi bangakwazi ukuhlala phakade ezweni elingenakunqotshwa iminyaka eminingi. Izinto zokufa komuntu ofika lapho kukhona ukungabi khona kwe-oksijeni, isithwathwa, ukuhlukumezeka, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, izingozi ezibulalayo kanye nokunganakwa kwabalingani.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1996, iqembu labagibeli abavela eJapane, lapho bekhuphuka eNtabeni i-Everest, bahlangana nabagibeli abathathu bamaHindu, ababengabalala ngecala. Bafa, ngoba amaJapane awazange asize "abancintisana", ngokungahambisani nhlobo. Ngo-2006, abangu-42 abalandeli be-alpinists kanye nesiteshi se-TV esiteshini esithi "Ukutholwa" ngokungafani nokudlula kancane ngokushisa kukaNgisi uDavid Sharpe, ngaphandle kwalokho, bazama ukuxoxa naye futhi bathathe izithombe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-daredevil, eyazama ukunqoba u-Everest yodwa, yafa yindlala yama-frostbite kanye ne-oksijeni. Omunye wama-alpinist waseRashiya u-Alexander Abramov uchaza izenzo ezinjalo ngabalingani bakhe: "Ekuphakameni kwamamitha angaphezu kuka-8000, umuntu ozama ukunqoba le ngqungquthela uzibambe ngokuphelele futhi akanakho konke okusemandleni okusiza ezimweni ezimbi kangaka."

Umzamo kaGeorge Mallory: uphumelele noma cha?

Ngakho ngubani owake wahlula u-Everest kuqala? Ukutholakala kukaGeorge Everest, ongakaze anqobe le ntaba, kwabangela isifiso esingavinjelwe sabantu abaningi abagibelayo ukuze bafinyelele emhlanganweni wezwe, owokuqala (ngo-1921) wanquma uGeorge Mallory - umndeni wakwa-Everest. Ngeshwa, umzamo wakhe awuphumelelanga: izithwathwa eziningi, imimoya eqinile nokuntuleka kokukhuphukela eziphakeme kangaka kwavimba umkhumbi waseBrithani. Kodwa-ke, ingqungquthela engatholakali yakhanga uMallory, futhi wenza amanye ama-ascents amabili angaphumelelanga (ngo-1922 no-1924). Ngesikhathi sokugcina, uGeorge Mallory nomlingani wakhe, u-Andrew Irwin, balala ngaphandle kokulandela. Ukugcina ngegebe emafwini okwenyuka phezulu kwabona elinye lamalungu okuhambela uNoel Odell. Ngemva kokuphela kweminyaka engama-75 yokuhambela kweMelika ephakeme kumamitha angu-8155 ubude kwakuyizinsalela zeMallory ezitholakalayo. Lapho beqaphela indawo yabo, abagibeli bawela kwalasha. Futhi, emibuthanweni yesayensi, lapho efunda izinsalela ezifanayo nendawo yabo, kwakukhona isiphakamiso sokuthi uGeorge Mallory ungumuntu wokuqala wokunqoba u-Everest. Umzimba ka-Andrew Irwin watholakala futhi wayengekho.

Iminyaka ka-1924-1938 yaphawulwa yinhlangano yezihambeli eziningana, kodwa ayiphumelelanga. Emva kwabo, u-Everest wayekhohliwe isikhathi esithile, ngoba iMpi Yezwe Yesibili yaqala.

Amaphayona

U-Everest owunikela okokuqala? Ngo-1952, abaseSwitzerland banquma ukuvuthisa ingqungquthela engahambisani nalokho, kepha ukuphakama okuphezulu okwedlule kwavalwa kumamitha angu-8500, amamitha ayi-348 awazange anqotshwe abagibeli ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezimbi.

Uma sicabanga ukuthi iMallory ayikwazanga ukufika enqumeni yentaba ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni, khona-ke umbuzo othi ubani owawunqoba u-Everest kuqala ungaphendulwa ngokuphepha - i-New Zealander Edmund Hillary ngo-1953, hhayi yena ngokwakhe, kodwa nomsizi uSherpa Norgei Ukuqeda .

Ngendlela, uSherpas (ovela eTibetan, "Sher" - empumalanga, "Pa" - abantu) yibo kanye abantu abangenawo, mhlawumbe, akunakwenzeka ukuthi othile uzokwazi ukufinyelela kuleso sifo esikufunayo. Abantu bentaba abahlala eNepal eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-500 edlule. Kulula ukuthi uSherpas akhuphuke e-Everest, ngoba le ntaba yindawo yakubo, lapho yonke indlela ijwayele khona kusukela ebuntwaneni.

I-Sherpas bangabasizi abanokwethenjelwa endleleni eya phezulu

I-Sherpas ngabantu abalungile kakhulu, abakwazi ukulimaza noma ubani. Kubo, ukubulala umuthi ojwayelekile noma igundane lezinsimu kubhekwa njengesono esibi, okudinga ukucela okukhulu. I-Sherpas inalo ulimi lwabo, kodwa okwamanje cishe bonke bakhuluma isiNgisi. Lokhu kuwubuhle obukhulu buka-Edmund Hillary - owokuqala weNtaba Everest. Njengombonakaliso wokubonga ngosizo lwakhe olubaluleke kakhulu, wakha isikole ngezindlela zakhe kwenye yezindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko.

Nakuba konke ukungenelela empilweni yeSherpas yempucuko, indlela yabo yokuphila isala ngokuyinhloko i-patriarchal. Izindabuko zendabuko kukhona izindlu ezimbili zamatshe ezitezi, esitezi sokuqala lapho ngokuvamile ziqukethe khona izinkomo: yaks, izimvu, izimbuzi, nomndeni uqobo, njengombuso, usezingeni lesithathu; Kukhona futhi ikhishi, izindlu zokulala, igumbi elivamile. Ifenisha encane. Ngenxa yabakhuphuka, amaphayona, ugesi awubonakali isikhathi esidlule; Igesi noma uhlobo oluthile lokushisa okungasenalo. Njengamafutha okupheka basebenzisa i-yak litter, eqoqwe ngaphambilini futhi eyomile ngamatshe.

Intaba engenakufinyeleleka e-Everest ... Ngubani owake wanqoba lo mbono omkhulu: Edmund Hillary noma uGeorge Mallory? Impendulo ososayensi bayibheke kuze kube yilolu suku, kanye nempendulo yombuzo wonyaka owunqobile u-Everest: ngo-1924 noma ngo-1953.

Amarekhodi e-Everest

U-Everest wanqotshwa abantu abangaphezu kweyodwa, ngisho namarekhodi amiselwe ukuphakama okwesikhashana ukuya enkundleni. Isibonelo, ngo-2004 i-Sherp Pemba Dorzh yamhlangabeza esuka ekamu laphansi emahoreni angu-10 amaminithi angu-46, kuyilapho iningi labazintaba bezozintaba liqala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokushesha kunazo zonke ezansi entabeni ngo-1988, umFulentshi uJean-Marc Boevin, noma kunjalo, wenza ukuba igxume emotweni.

Abesifazane abanqobe u-Everest, abangekho ngaphansi kwamadoda, futhi baphikelela futhi baqhubeka behlula yonke imitha yokuphakama. Ummeleli wokuqala wesigamu esibuthakathaka sabantu ngo-1975 yiJapane Junko Tabe, ngezinsuku ezingu-10 - iPhantoga, intaba yaseTibetan.

Ubani owawunqoba u-Everest kuqala phakathi kwabantu asebekhulile? Umnqobi omdala wendikimba ingumhlali oneminyaka engu-76 ubudala waseNepal - uMing Bahadur Sherhan, nomncinyane - i-American Jordan Romero oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Ukuphikelela komunye umncintiswano omncane we "phezulu kwezwe" - uSherpa Temba Tsery oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, owazama ukuqala ngempumelelo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamandla nokuqhwaba kwezandla zombili izandla, unesithakazelo. Ekubuyiseleni kweTembe, iminwe emihlanu yaxoshwa, engazange imvimbe, wayinqoba u-Everest ekwenzeni kwakhe okwesibili.

Phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekile kukhona futhi umuntu wokuqala owawunqoba u-Everest. UMark Inglis, okhuphukele phezulu emhlabeni ngo-2006 ngosizo lwezitho zomzimba. Le hero ngisho joked ukuthi ngokungafani nabanye abagibeli, ngeke azincithakane izinzwane zakhe. Futhi waqhwaza izinyawo ngaphambili, lapho ezama ukukhuphukela endaweni ephakeme eNew Zealand - ukuphakama kweCheka, ngemuva kwalokho baxoshwa kuye.

Ngokusobala, u-Everest unomhlobo oluthile wamandla omlingo, uma amakhulu abantu abagibelayo beza kuwo. Ukumqoba futhi kuphinde kwaphindwe kaningi, uzama ukukwenza futhi.

Isiqongo sokuqamba u-Everest

Ubani owawunqoba i-Mount Everest kuqala? Kungani abantu bekhanga kangaka kule ndawo? Kunezizathu eziningi zokuchaza lokhu. I-tickling yezinzwa, ukungabi namnandi, isifiso sokuzihlola, ukukhathazeka kokuphila kwansuku zonke ....

Owesilisa waseTexas uDick Bass - indoda eyinqobe e-Everest. Yena, engekho umqeqeshi oqeqeshiwe, wayengeke asebenzise iminyaka ekulungiseleleni ngokucophelela ukukhuphuka okuyingozi futhi wanquma ukunqoba ukuphakama kwezwe ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengoba bethi: lapha nakwamanje. I-Bass yayilungele ukukhokha nanoma yimiphi imali kumuntu ozofaka isandla ekubonisweni kwephupho lakhe elibonakala lingenangqondo.

U-Dick Bass usakwazi ukuwina umhlangano we-Everest, futhi abasizi kulolu hambo kwakuyiqembu elihlangene, okwanikeza umzukulu induduzo lapho ekhuphuka; Abantu baphatha yonke impahla, amatende, amabhodlela oksijini, amanzi, ukudla. Ukuze ngikhulume, ukukhwela kwakuwuhlobo oluthi "konke okubandakanya" futhi lokhu kwakungokuqala kokuhamba ngezebhizinisi ukuya enhlanganweni.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kusukela ngo-1985, wonke umuntu angakwazi ukunqoba inkulumo, abe nale mali eyanele. Kuze kube manje, izindleko zokwehla okunjalo zihluka kusuka kuma-40 kuya ku-85 000 zamaRandi, kuye ngohlangothi lokukhuphukela entabeni. Uma uhambo lusuka ohlangothini lwaseNepal, ke lubiza kakhulu, ngoba kudinga imvume ekhethekile yenkosi, ebiza ama-dollar ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Inani elisele likhokhwa ngenhlangano yenkambiso.

Futhi ngisho kwakukhona umshado ...

Ngo-2005, Mona Mule noPem Georgie badlala emhlabeni wonke umshado. Njengoba bekhuphuke, labo abasanda kushada bathatha imizuzu engama- oksijeni, begqoke izigqoko ezinemibala emidlalweni yabo. Khona-ke uPem wagcoba iphunga elibomvu nebunzini lomlobokazi wakhe, elifanekisela umshado. Abashadayo babegcinwa imfihlo kubo bonke abantu: abazali, abajwayele ukuxhumana nabo, abalingani beqembu ngesikhathi sokuhambela, ngoba babengaqiniseki ngomphumela ophumelelayo womcimbi ohleliwe.

Ngakho bangaki abantu abanqobile u-Everest? Ngokumangalisayo, namuhla kunabantu abangaphezu kuka-4000. Isikhathi sonyaka yisikhathi esiphezulu kakhulu sokwenyuka kwezimo zezulu. Yiqiniso, i-idyll enjalo ihlala isikhathi esincane - amasonto ambalwa kuphela, okuyinto abagibeli abazama ukuyisebenzisa njengezithelo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ngokwezibalo, kulabo abavusa iNtaba i-Everest, eyodwa kwalaba abayishumi ababhubhayo, futhi izingozi eziningi zenzeka ngesikhathi sehla, lapho amabutho eseduze. Ngokweqile, ungakwazi ukunqoba u-Everest ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngokwenzayo, noma kunjalo, ukuhamba kancane kancane kanye nenhlanganisela enhle yokuphakama nokudinga kuyadingeka.