Izindaba UmphakathiUmnotho

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ovulekile futhi becindezela: definition, izibonelo

Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali - igama manje ngokuqinile wangena isichazamazwi hhayi kuphela zezomnotho, kodwa futhi abantu abavamile. Futhi yokugcina, kuhlobene zonke izinkathazo zabo futhi ezimbi. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ivuliwe - lapho izolo kuphela unjiniyela Ivan ayenamandla okukwenza ukuthenga izimbali kumkakhe ngamaholidi, futhi namuhla akukho. Ubizwa, njengasekuqaleni, kulahleka emsebenzini futhi uthola iholo elifanayo, kodwa amanani rose. Kodwa kukhona okunye okukhethwa kukho. Kwenzeka lapho esebenzayo isimo kokungenela emnothweni ukuze ugcine intengo. Kulokhu, kubonakala izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ezifihliwe. Kodwa imiphumela ziyafana: abantu kumele ziboshwe amabhande abo, noma, noma ukusebenza ngaphezulu ithemba wokulondoloza izinga yokuphila yangaphambili. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa yehlukene kaningi okubalwa, ngakho ajwayelekile bonke abahlali wezwe lakithi, okuyinto ngokoqobo ukumemeza izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eRussia iminyaka, futhi kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni lanamuhla.

Umqondo futhi empeleni yayo

Kukholakala ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla kuzovula, njengoba kwenza wakhe kanye nohlobo lwayo kufihlwe, weza ngokushesha nge obhekwe imali. standard igolide basungula abakwazanga ukuyivimbela. Ukuzinza okuqukethwe metal zamadola, ama-franc, amaphawundi, ruble yen lwakhiwe ukunikeza abaholi zikahulumeni kanye nezisebenzi abavamile ukuba yokuhlelela isikhathi eside esizayo. Nokho, izimpi zezwe kancane kancane wabhubhisa lobu buhlobo ngegolide. Ngemva imvume Jamaican uhlelo yemali ngo-1971, okuqukethwe kwayo metal kanye dollar elahlekile. Kuze kube manje, wonke zezimali zomhlaba azenziwanga ngegolide. Ohulumeni bangase ke ezimathonsi ukwandisa inani zemali in kwegazi, yingakho kukhona wenzuzo kwamanani. Ngakho izinyathelo ukuxazulula izinkinga zezimali samanje isimo, kukhona imbangela inhlekelele, okuyinto okunzima kakhulu ukuvimbela.

Igama elithi "izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali" saqala ukuvela e eNyakatho neMelika ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Kakade ekhulwini le-19, ke yasetshenziswa kakhulu ososayensi of Great Britain France. Nokho okwandile leli gama kwaba kuphela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ezishiwo ngokuqondene ukwanda elibukhali nokusakazwa imali yephepha. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa akuyona livuleke kulesi sikhathi sethu, kodwa futhi ukuba uMbuso Russian eminyakeni 1769-1895, i-United States -. Esikhathini 1775-1783 biennium. futhi eminyakeni 1861-1865, England -. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, French - e 1789-1791, Germany -. ngo-1923 Uma ubuka eduze ngasinye kulezi izenzakalo, kuyacaca ukuthi izimbangela emali evulekile ngokuvamile ezigxilile omkhulu izindleko ezihambisana yizimpi nokuvukela. Kodwa namuhla lesi simanga ibukeka ezinkulu okuningi. It akasenawo bemvelo gqwa, futhi akuyona inkinga njalo izifunda ngabanye kanye nomhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, definition salo sesibe ngobubanzi okuningi. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali iyisici eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa iziteshi komfula kunyatheliswa imali okweqa izidingo lezimpahla kwegazi. Futhi-ke asikwazi kuyehla kube nokwenyuka elula kwamanani. Kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu enqabayo isimo kwakubangelwa inflation izici.

nesilinganiso Izindlela

Inkinga eyinhloko ekuhloleni izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali wukuthi amanani ngokuvamile avuke engalingani kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isigaba kwezimpahla ogama value asishintshi neze. izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ukuyiveza ngokuvamile musa acabangele yezibalo. Kodwa izinkinga ngokwanele nge nokuhlolwa ezihlukahlukene evulekile zalesi simo. Kukhona indices eziningana ukuthi zisetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Phakathi kwabo:

  • Inkomba intengo umthengi. It is ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa kakhulu inkomba. Kuyasiza ukulinganisa izindleko "kwesitsha" eziyisisekelo izimpahla namasevisi.
  • Iimfesi intengo Inkomba. Lapho kubalwa lokhu inkomba esetshenziswa idatha ukudla 25 ebaluleke kakhulu.
  • Izindleko zokuphila Inkomba. Inkomba sikhombisa Dynamics wangempela imali yasendlini.
  • I wholesale intengo Inkomba abakhiqizi.
  • GNP deflator.

Inkomba, ebalwa ngesisekelo isethi ingashintshiwe kwemikhiqizo okuthiwa Laspeyres. inkinga eyinhloko ukuthi akacabangi kungenzeka zishintsheke lezimpahla isakhiwo. Inkomba, ebalwa ngesisekelo ekushintsheni isethi ibizwa ngokuthi Inkomba Paasche. Inkinga yakhe wukuthi yena akacabangi nokwehla kungenzeka enhlalakahleni. Ngomuso, ukuze kulungiswe amaphutha kokubili izinkomba khona Fisher ifomula. Kulolu hlu ilingana umkhiqizo owedlule ezimbili. Njengoba amandla emali evulekile libhekene ukwanda amanani, kukhona "umthetho ezidlula 70" ehlukile, okuvumela ukuba ukulinganisa inani leminyaka bengakashadi ukubuyelela kabili.

Evolution imibono

Cishe zonke omunye esikoleni kwezomnotho isungule ukubukwa ayo inkinga emali. Ngokuvamile, umehluko baqamekela izizathu lokhu mkhuba omubi. Marxists babekholelwa ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla evulekile libhekene inqubo yezenhlalakahle kahle zokukhiqiza ngaphansi ne-capitalism, okuyinto kubonakala khona emkhakheni lwemali okweqa ukusetshenziswa yasendlini. Ngokusho kwabo, inkinga okuhlobene kuwukuphikisana sangaphakathi sohlelo nomphakathi. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ivuleleke monetarist - ukukhula okusheshayo kakhulu supply imali, zazo akakwazanga ukuphatha ukunwetshwa langempela zokukhiqiza. Nokho, imiphumela emibi zingenzeka kuphela esikhathini esifushane. Uma sicabangela eside, imali ngokuphelele hlangothi. Ngale ndlela benqaba wumgomo eziyisisekelo Keynesians ezingaba njalo ukulondoloza izinga ezithile zokukhula komnotho ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla. Ukuze uthole ngesisekelo lezi zimpikiswano esithathwayo Phillips ijika. Ibonisa ubuhlobo ithunzi elehlayo phakathi okubangelwa ukusweleka komsebenzi kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi ngamunye esikoleni kwezomnotho umqondo ayo lomkhuba enixoxa ngalo. Nokho, akuzona abasiphikisayo, kodwa aphelele futhi uqhubeke nomunye.

izimbangela

Vula izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kusho ukuthi umnotho kukhona nokungahambisani phakathi ukufuneka imali futhi ungqimba lezimpahla. Lokhu kungalingani singenzeka ngenxa kwesabelo sezimali, phezu-utshalomali, ukukhula ngokushesha inkokhelo kuqhathaniswa ezingeni ukukhiqiza. Vula Inflation kungahle kubangelwe kokubili izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa:

  • zinhlekelele emhlabeni Bezakhiwe ukuthi ahambisana ekuphumeni impahla eluhlaza namafutha amanani.
  • Ibhalansi negative kwenkokhelo kanye ukuhweba ibhalansi.
  • Ukwanda in exchange of lwemali kazwelonke emabhange angaphandle.

Izimbangela yangaphakathi emali zihlanganisa:

  • ukuthuthukiswa Hypertrophic engineering zempi nakwezinye izimboni ezisindayo lag abalulekile emkhakheni umthengi.
  • Okumbi mshini kwezomnotho. Leli qembu sezizathu zihlanganisa imali eshodayo kusabelozimali ngenxa ukungalingani engenayo kanye nezindleko, le monopolization emphakathini, ukwanda engenabulungisa amaholo ngenxa ukuvivinya of zabasebenzi, "ukungenisa" emali kanye amathemba okungekuhle sabantu.

Futhi ukugqamisa intela futhi zezizathu zezombusazwe emali. Eyokuqala ezihlobene eyeqile nguhulumende. izimbangela Political emali ngenxa yokuthi ukwehla kwentengo imali kuyazuzisa okweletayo, kaningi futhi akwazile. Ngokuvamile izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali esimweni ngasinye kubangelwa inhlanganisela yezici ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, it kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi kusilela inombolo enkulu kwezimpahla, futhi e-USSR - ukuthuthukiswa ongalingani umnotho.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali evulekile

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zalesi simo. Vula izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kubonakala umnotfo emakethe. Kuyinto imfanelo ebalulekile emnothweni wamazwe amaningi. Izindlela zihlanganisa evulekile emali yesizwe sonkana kanti ubudlelwano phakathi izindleko kanye namanani. Izizathu zalokhu mkhuba seziye zadingidwa ngenhla. Ukunikeza lezi zinhlobo emali ovulekile:

  • Okulingene (ezinwabuzelayo). It libhekene ukukhuphuka elincane kwamanani. Izimpawu emali evulekile kulokhu cishe ezingabonakali. ukwehla kwentengo imali kwenzeka, ngakho ukukhuphuka alinganiselayo amanani 10-12% ngonyaka, ngisho ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa kuyazuzisa emnothweni.
  • Agijima kwamandla emali. Leli fomu ephelezelwa gxuma okusheshayo e amanani - kusuka 20 kuya 200% ngonyaka. Akukona zishukumisa ukukhiqizwa, futhi kuholela ekwandeni e okubangelwa ukusweleka komsebenzi kanye nokwehla kwemali ngeniso. Rosstat idatha show okungukuthi zalolu hlobo wawuthi sici Russian Federation ngo-1990. Kunesimo esifanayo iye yasungula kule nkathi, futhi kwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu.
  • Ayehle kakhulu amandla emali. It kuhambisana rise in amanani for nenani yezinkanyezi (200 kuya ku-1000% ngonyaka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphezu). Uma sicabangela zonke izinhlobo emali evulekile, lena iyingozi kakhulu. Ngakho kukhona ukusonteka of emkhakheni zokukhiqiza, imali Uhlelo kwegazi futhi umsebenzi. Labantu ivame ukuba ngokushesha balahle imali ngokuthenga kubo ukubaluleka kwangempela. Emphakathini zaba zimbi zonke kuwukuphikisana zomphakathi wanamuhla uba kungenzeka izinxushunxushu ezinkulu zezombangazwe nasezingxabanweni.

izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ukuyiveza

Cabangela umbono zalesi simo negative yesibili. Vele uqaphele ukuthi lesi simo ngokuvamile nobuntu emnothweni zokuphatha kuhlelwe. izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali Afihliwe livela lapho uhulumeni ngenkuthalo silwa rise in amanani. Luzama freeze them ezingeni elithile. Izinyathelo ezinjalo kubangele ukusweleka emakethe. Futhi liyabonisa izenzo ngokusobala ongafanele isimo. Esikhundleni benenkinga izici yangaphakathi, kwaholela esimweni ezimbi, it uzama kuqede izimpawu zakhe. Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo zikahulumeni ukumisa amanani zihlale iyize ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

nezinye izinhlobo

Uma thina abstract kuzo zonke izimbangela emali, kungashiwo ukuthi kungenzeka kube ukungalingani ziphoqa noma ukunikezela. Lapho yakhoibrium Kumiswa emakethe futhi kukhona rise in amanani. funa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kubangelwa ngokweqile imali supply emnothweni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-imali eyiphinda sabantu namabhizinisi ezikhulayo ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu, ngesilinganiso ukwanda zokukhiqiza akakwazi ukuhambisana nabo. iziphakamiso Inflation ezihlobene ne izindleko ukwanda amafemu ukuthi ukukhiqiza izimpahla. ibangelwa yini ukwanda inkokhelo okuzisholo ngenxa umsebenzi zabasebenzi nokusukuma amandla futhi impahla eluhlaza amanani ngenxa ukwehluleka kwezitshalo kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ohlwini, ahlukanisa njengomuntu izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali evamile. Kukholakala ukuthi iyisici unomphela, okuyinto lokhu akwenzi mqondo ukulwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, esikhathini 3-5% ukukhula intengo ngonyaka - kuyisihluthulelo ukuchuma nokusimama kwezomnotho.

Ngokuya ukuhlanganisa izinguquko ezimweni ezimakethe ezimakethe ezihlukahlukene lezimpahla, ihlaba umkhosi ezimbili izinhlobo emali:

  • Olinganiselayo. Kulokhu, amanani kwezimpahla ezihlukahlukene ayizange ithuthuke maqondana nomunye. Lolu hlobo emali akuyona ezimbi ibhizinisi, ngoba ibhizinisi njalo ithuba ukwandisa inani lemakethe imikhiqizo yabo.
  • Nesblansirovannaya. Kulokhu, amanani amaqembu ahlukene imikhiqizo ezikhulayo Ukuboshelwa. Kuyingozi ibhizinisi. izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa zilokhu ngokushesha kunokuba intengo umkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngakho-ke kukhona ingozi nokulahlekelwa isivuno. Kulokhu, ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukubikezela ikusasa. Ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi eceleni ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezimbili emali, kuye ngokuthi kungenzeka ukubikezela okubonakalisa le nqubo ngesikhathi esithile esikhathini esizayo.

imiphumela engemihle

Kwatholakala ukuthi amandla emali rate evamile 3-5% nomphumela omuhle phezu nekutfutfukiswa kwemnotfo emakethe. Nokho, lapho niphuma control, iba imbangela inombolo imihlola ezimbi. Ake ucabangele ezinye zazo:

  • Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kwandisa kwamangqamuzana yezenhlalakahle kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Kunciphisa amathuba emisebenzi nokonga. Abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi ukuqeda imali (eliwuketshezi kakhulu zamafa), ukuthenga amagugu zangempela. Futhi le nkinga kwamatayitela akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ngisize ngandlela-thile ayeke lesi simanga.
  • Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kunciphisa amandla mpo futhi enezingqimba. I engalawuliwe ekushayweni imali izimpawu ukuxazulula izinkinga esiphuthumayo kuholele ukunganeliseki ezikhulayo wesitjhaba zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ukunciphisa siyabethemba.

Futhi imiphumela engemihle emali zihlanganisa:

  • Ecasulwe uhlelo yemali.
  • Ukudala ukungezwani emkhakheni wezezimali.
  • Ubungozi ocacile esicashile yentengo.
  • Ekusakazekeni ngokushesha enana kwezimpahla.
  • Okuphansi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo labantu.
  • Encishisiwe utshalomali ngenxa riskiness lezi imisebenzi.
  • Izinguquko kule nokwakheka engenayo nokuma kwezwe.
  • Nqaba usa emazinga ekuphila.

inqubomgomo antiinflationary

imiphumela Negative emali phambili yokuthi ohulumeni abahlukahlukene ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ezingeni zikahulumeni ekulweni lesi simanga. Inqubomgomo Anti-nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla kuhlanganisa iqoqo njengoba sinjalo, okwenza imali izinyathelo yentela. isimo ngasinye ethize kudinga ukusetshenziswa olulodwa isinqumo indlela. Ngokwe-OECD umqondo ukuba banqobe izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali kufanele ugxile izindlela multivariate. Ukunikeza izindlela eziqondile nezicashile ukuze ulwe lesi simanga ezimbi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa:

  • Ukusatshalaliswa ukubolekisa iziphathimandla kazwelonke.
  • isiqondiso State of amanani.
  • Ukusungula imikhawulo amaholo.
  • Regulation namanye amazwe iziphathimandla kazwelonke.
  • Ukusungulwa izinga lokushintshisana ezingeni wombuso.

izindlela ongaqondile yokulwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali zihlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

  • Regulation banknotes ekushayweni.
  • Ukusungulwa kweziGungu ngamabhange 'zenzalo.
  • WokuLawula saziso imali izinqolobane.
  • Vula emakethe imisebenzi izibambiso aphethwe Central Bank.

Kukhethwa izinyathelo wenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya izimo jikelele kwezomnotho. Kukhona okukhethwa kukho okuthathu eziyinhloko: inqubomgomo ukuthola iholo, ukukhuthazwa ukunikezela nekulawulwa imali kwegazi.

ezingokoqobo yasekhaya

uhlobo Russian emali sihluke kakhulu nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ke kwamiswa aphuma umyalo emnotfweni emakethe nge izinga intengo ushintsho. idatha Rosstat sincome izimbangela ezilandelayo emali:

  • ukungalingani Bezakhiwe phakathi umkhakha ukuzivikela kanye nezinye izimboni. Zonke izinqubo kumele baphathe umnotho akusho ukuhlangabezana namazinga, ngakho-ke kufanele kube isikhathi ushintsho olukhulu.
  • monopolization High komnotho. Izinkampani ezinkulu ngokwabo kutholakale izinga intengo ukuthi ayihambisani namaqiniso emnothweni emakethe.
  • I militarization komnotho, bayibutho elikhulu, ezingeni lelisetulu ukuthuthukiswa eyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni lempi. Lokhu kuye kwadala a gap omkhulu phakathi ukufuneka ezidayiswayo, okuyinto edingekayo ukuze umphakathi, langempela iminikelo umkhiqizo.
  • Esikalini omkhulu isimo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukungena ku-Russia ungase udale sokuncintisana.

Uma ubheka, indlela kukhona izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali eRussia iminyaka (siwazi umlando wase-USSR), inani lokuqala emlandweni wanamuhla esenzeka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, empini eyalandela civil kanye esigabeni sokuqala nep. Inani zemali in kwegazi esikhathini kusuka ngo-1914 kuya 1917 kukhuphuke ngo izikhathi 84. Lokhu kwakubangelwa omkhulu izindleko zempi. Kusukela 1917 kuya 1923 supply imali ejikelezayo kukhuphuke ngo eziphindwe kazinkulungwane 200. Isigaba emali yesibili uwile kuya nenkathi yamaSoviet - inkathi eyandulela impi izinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu futhi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Isigaba sesithathu okwenzeka ngemva kokuwa USSR - e 1992-1996.

Kusukela namuhla, ukwenyuka kuyinkinga yembulunga yonke, okuyinto esiqukethe zonke yezwe. Sibangelwa ukungalingani e ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza emphakathini. izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali ingozi ekhona, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi kuholela ekuncipheni usa emazinga ekuphila, kodwa futhi ukuthi kubukela phansi ikhono ukuqondisa umnotho. Isimo samanje, lokhu mkhuba uyekile kube episodic emvelweni, futhi kwaba isifo esingelapheki impucuko. Njengoba-Russia, ukwenyuka kubangelwa underinvestment, okungukuthi imizamo olungalungile Ministry of Finance kanye Central Bank. Ukuze umelane nakho ngezinto ezingokoqobo ezifuywayo isidingo sokulondoloza ngumkhiqizi wayo futhi ukwethula ukulawula baqaphe phezu amanani. Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi amandla emali evamile akukubi, kodwa isivuno lesi simanga kwamandla kungaholela umthelela omkhulu omubi.

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