Kievan Rus kanye zidlamlilo: izinkinga of ubudlelwano mutual

Cishe iminyaka engu-250 wokuphila phansi kwejoka Mongol-Tatar kwadingeka kunethonya elikhulu endleleni ukuthuthukiswa Russia. Ekhulwini nantathu, isimo sancishiswa saba imibuso emibili: i-Novgorod futhi Kiev. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba Golden zidlamlilo futhi Rus zazizinde kangako e kwencika esindayo nomunye?

Foreign Policy ye Rus Lasendulo

Ngaphambi ayehlasela Rus amaMongol bephila impilo futhi lakhula imodeli Western. Asinakusho ukuthi akunjalo usethathe iyiphi inqubomgomo angaphandle: ukusetha tinhlobo letehlukene elala amazwe okwakusemhlabathini enyakatho, naseningizimu imingcele yezwe. Izixhumanisi babe kwamasiko, commercial nakwezempi ubudlelwane nezizwe ezingomakhelwane. Le nqubomgomo kwenziwe nge lesishiyagalolunye kanye eminyaka nambili. Khazar Khanate, okuyinto lalisenyakatho empumalanga elizweni imingcele, ababusi Russian alimazanga. They tshoda inhloko-dolobha Itil Khaganate e 965 futhi ayisekho wajoyina naye nganoma iyiphi enobudlelwane, lokho kwaba iphutha yabo enkulu. Kievan Rus kanye zolotaya Orda ayemi embundwini umcimbi okuzokwenziwa ngokuthi "Tatar-Mongol ijoka."

Wonke amehlo ayethe waphenduka Kievan Rus ENtshonalanga, impucuko yasendulo amafilosofi kabani isiko, Christian luwuthinte emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. EBalkans, uMbuso WaseRoma, Germany neFrance - ezweni ngalo ukuqinisa ubudlelwano. Lapho sibhekene eRussia kanye zidlamlilo? Izinkinga ukugxambukela lala mazwe kamuva waya kuqhubeke isikhathi eside kangaka.

Isimo e-Middle East

Ngesikhathi lapho eRussia ekwakheni ubuhlobo Europe nokuthuthukiswa ayo, Asians iwine emazweni Arab naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Bazama ukusakaza ukholo lwakhe Islamic phakathi kwezizwe. Esikhathini 20s kanye 30s kwekhulu nantathu ithonya izizwe Asia yaqala ukusakaza emazweni eziseningizimu yeYurophu, ngisho eHungary. Kodwa ingxenye abathintekayo iningi East European futhi ikakhulukazi ensimini yaseRussia.

Tatar-sebeyinqobile esimweni saso disjointed futhi ngaleyo ndlela ehlile ukuthuthukiswa yabo. Rus kanye zolotaya Orda, umlando nobuhlobo babo, eyathatha ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, yaba nethonya isimo geopolitical. Okuthandayo izikhulu wathutha usuke entshonalanga uye empumalanga: emazweni ase-Asia. Ngishintshe isimo Russia: izwe uyekile ngizimele. Kwakuyisabatha isimo ngaphansi kwesizwe we Psychology Asians.

ubudlelwane Russian-zidlamlilo

Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa lokhu kwencika mutual cishe iminyaka engu-250 ubudala. Phakathi nale nkathi yomlando isikhathi ungashintsha eziningi kwenzekeni, futhi Russia, futhi Ordynsky isimo. Lokhu kuyinqubo engokwemvelo ithonya mutual kwamazwe emibili ehlobene eduze. Zolotaya Orda neRussia phakathi naso sonke isikhathi zomlando yokuxhumana okungalindelekile iye yashintshwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuthi bukaJehova kubonakala isimo kwezepolitiki nesimilo amazwe amabili. Mongol-Tatar ijoka, okwaqala ngo-1243 kuya ku 1480 ngonyaka aqala emuva 1237. Lapho uzibophezele yakhe kuphangwa Batu. Rus kanye zidlamlilo, izinkinga ukuphazamiseka, okuyinto okusaphenywa wazizwa kule nkathi abangu nje ukuqala ubuhlobo bayo eside zomlando kanye nentuthuko.

Ngemikhankaso Batu ingxenye esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yeRussia wahlupheka kokubhubhisa, ukubhujiswa kanye nokulahlekelwa labantu. Ezinye zazo babulawa, abanye - sebethunjiwe. Acekele phansi amabutho empi okudingekayo ukuze alulame, futhi kwakuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Ngenxa yemizamo Aleksandra Nevskogo ngomnyaka wamashumi amane kwekhulu nantathu bathula ngokumelene kuphangwa: wadlala indima engumkhulumeli ochwepheshile, ngesikhathi kumiswa iningi zidlamlilo. I Khans babematasa bakha isakhiwo layo langaphakathi.

Baskachestvo ngokufunjathiswa nokuphamba eRussia

Umsebenzi amaMongol khans kwaba ukuyokudla amazwe amasha intela ye intela yabo. Abazange washintsha lutho kulezi zindawo futhi ungazami unamathisele kubo kuye. Kodwa inkokhiso lapho okumele akhokhwe izizwe kwaba okuzingela. ERussia kanye ubuhlobo zidlamlilo phathelana buhle: abathintekayo izinkinga mutual ababusi. Maphakathi nawo-zamashumi amahlanu kwakukhona izingxabano zempi nge amaMongol. Ngicindezelwe Golden zidlamlilo ukuthi iyakhula unyaka ngamunye, kanye labantu wayengakwazi bakhokhe intela, futhi ngenxa yalokho babemelene izimali.

Abantu abangu kabusha eminyakeni emibili - ne 1257 i 1259, futhi yena wanithwesa intela kabili Khans: Orda futhi-Mongolian. Futhi kancane kancane ke yethulwa futhi baskachestvo. amasekela Ithumele, ababemlandela ukuqoqwa inkokhiso, ngokuthi baskaks. Ngosizo imiphakathi yabo igcinwe ukuzithoba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungumsebenzi izakhamizi yayihlanganisa nenkonzo yezempi, okuyinto kufanele agcwalise. Baskakov sanikwa lamabutho lamasosha amandla okulawula, ngawo ukuba zigcine ukuhleleka ensimini abaziphathisiwe.

Izikhulu e inkonzo zidlamlilo

abalimi Tax eqoqwe inkokhiso evela sabantu futhi wadlala indima zababolekisa ngemali: uhlelo lokulima intela kwadingeka izimo ezinzima ukukhokha. Ngakho abantu izigqila impilo yonke. izidingo Brutal kwaholela ukunganeliseki ethandwa, ubudlelwane kwayibhebhethekisa Russia futhi abameleli zidlamlilo wazizwa ke. Igagasi yokuvukela ukuthi Uyabamukisa principalities eziningi, kwaba inkomba. indawo Central, lapho abantu basukuma ngokumelene opharetha, bekulokhu Rostov. Ngemva kwakhe rose Yaroslavl, uVladimir, Suzdal. Emadolobheni amaningi kuvukela kwenzeka ngo-1289. Ngo Tver - e 1293 kanye 1327, ngokulandelana. Ngemva wabulawa Cholhan, isihlobo sika-Uzbek Khan, futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngashaywa intela abalimi, iziphathimandla zanquma ukunikeza iqoqo Golden zidlamlilo of intela izikhulu Russian. Bona waziphatha lenu ekuphambeni, + futhi ukhokhe zidlamlilo "ophumayo".

"Imiphumela" futhi "izicelo"

Kukhona olunye uhlobo impango nokuhuheka - ". Isicelo" a izimali engeziwe ukuthi zathathwa kusukela labantu lapho Khans babelungiselela imikhankaso emisha lempi. Rus kanye zidlamlilo, izinkinga zabo bobabili nomunye, okwenza ukuphila abantu babulawa. Ababusi zidlamlilo kwaba kunenzuzo ukuthi eRussia kwakukhona ukwahlukana phakathi principalities amakhosi asendulo. Basuke ngokuqondile kwaphoqa izikhulu bodwa, owahlwanyela yokungezwani phakathi kwazo.

Kube kule nkathi, futhi uhlelo amalebula: izinhlamvu, okwakunqunyelwe kulabo inokuningi sobukhosi. Ukusekela eyodwa isikhulu, khans iGolden zidlamlilo akha against kuye komunye. Labo ayenganelisekile nge kokubusa zidlamlilo, wabizelwa uKhan, futhi kakade bakhona uchinyali ekujezisweni ngokumelene naye. uthola isiphetho esinjena kwamehlela Mihaila Yaroslavicha Tverskogo nendodana yakhe Fyodor. Izikhulu eziningi futhi boyars wawa kalowo amaMongol.

izikhulu zidlamlilo bekusolo ngesikhathi Nezikhulu futhi ngeso lokhozi uhlale yabo: ukuze ngiwufeze. Esimweni esinjalo, ukuthuthukisa ubuhlobo eRussia kanye zidlamlilo.

Zolotaya Orda ngaphakathi

Lapho uGenghis Khan wajaha inqubomgomo yayo emazweni ayenqotshiwe, kutuswa ukuba abekezelele abanye kakhulu inkolo. Lomgomo willed umbusi nabalandeli bakhe. Ngenxa Khans ngazama ukuzigcina kobungane nobudlelwane nebandla: ebugqilini inkokhiso, unikezwa amalebula - izincwadi. Ithonya lakhe esontweni ayenethemba lokuthi anqobe khans zidlamlilo nimelana abantu Russian. Ubuhlobo obunjalo Russia kanye Golden zidlamlilo kwaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi. Kodwa hhayi yonke into ihamba ngendlela nasesimweni sokungasokwa-Mongolian: ibuye edwengulwe izingxabano amakhosi asendulo, futhi buthaka.

Futhi eRussia ngalesi sikhathi, e ekhulwini XIV, ezinedumela uzamile ukuze acekele phansi kwejoka Mongol-Tatar. Ukuze hhayi ukulahlekelwa ithonya kubantu, isonto nababusi washintsha isimo sabo. Manje abazitusayo ukuze kukhululwe eRussia kusukela amaMongol.

Kusukela sokuphela

Eyokuqala ngubani uzwakalise ukweseka umqondo wenkululeko kwaba Sergiy Radonezhsky Metropolitan Alexei. Kulikov impi, okwenzeka ngo-1380, naye waletha kokunqotshwa amabutho Mamaia futhi kakhulu buthaka lo zidlamlilo. Ngo 1408 - Yedigei e 1439 - Khan Ulu-Muhammed wenziwe uhambo akuphumelelanga eRussia: ukuhlaselwa kwabo abangu kwawona. Kodwa omunye engu-15 ukuba ikhokhe intela kuhulumeni Tatar-amaMongol. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Russia kanye zidlamlilo (izinkinga ubuhlobo bawo kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba) esitshalweni izindima: Russia obumbene wamqinisa futhi zidlamlilo - buthaka.

ababusi Mongol baye baba nezinkinga nge YaseCrimea Khanate: isimo ngabo savela ezinzima. Lokhu okwamanje emlandweni ukusetshenziswa Ivan Iii: e 1476 wala ngincome zidlamlilo. Kodwa wenkululeko sokugcina iRussia yathatha indawo kuphela 1480, lapho Han Ahmed wathatha omunye emkhankasweni wempi. Le nkampani uhlulekile futhi waletha enye ukunqotshwa amaMongol. Ngakho, kancane kancane washintsha ubuhlobo eRussia kanye zidlamlilo Golden kwaba ukukhululwa ejokeni.

izinkinga obufaka

Kunzima ukubukela phansi izinguquko ezenzeka kubantu futhi umphakathi ngesikhathi lezi zenzakalo ezingokomlando eside. Ngokudabukisayo, kwathatha iminyaka cishe angamakhulu amathathu, nezikhulu isinqumo elite lonke waqonda - emandleni ubunye. Njengoba ngasinda ijoka Mongol-Tatar, abantu Russia babehlanganiswe isimo eyodwa. Kwakuyisikhathi plus ngaleyo nkathi. Kodwa awukwazi uphike iqiniso lokuthi imiphumela zazinzima sokuthuthukiswa womabili la mazwe, okuyizinto eRussia kanye zidlamlilo. izinkinga ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukubambezeleka obengeziwe isimo Russian kusukela ukuthuthukiswa jikelele European: izwe namanje isikhathi eside ukuba ngilulame emiphumeleni okunzima ijoka. Wajeziswa emadolobheni futhi ezibhuqiwe Duchy edingekayo ukululama eside. Kodwa walondoloza ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox, egcwele isixhumanisi ukuphila kwabantu futhi isimo.