Kuyini ngesisekelo nokuklanywa ngokomzimba-womhlaba. nokuklanywa Geographical: injongo, izindlela kanye nezimiso

Ebusweni kuyiplanethi yethu heterogeneous kakhulu. Territories ihluke nomunye impumuzo, isakhiwo Geological, uhlamvu izimila ikhava inhlabathi. Ukuze ngandlela-thile lula "nezinxushunxushu" yemvelo, ososayensi baye beveza nokuklanywa. Zokuma kwendawo steel evamile uhlukanise umhlaba ebusweni phezu ibhande, ibhendi, isifunda noma izwe.

Kuyini ngesisekelo regionalization ngokomzimba-womhlaba? Iyini imigomo zawo eziyinhloko? Ngesisekelo iziphi izimiso futhi ngalokho izindlela ke Kwenziwa? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo zingatholakala ku-athikili yethu.

Nokuklanywa kwe- ngokomzimba-kuyiphi incazelo kanye essence

nokuklanywa Geographical (esifushanisiwe - GRF) - kuchazwa phansi division uhlelo. It ikuvumela ukugqamisa izingxenye ikhava womhlaba, okuyinto zingafani homogeneity ezithile. Ngaphansi kwalo ukufana ngokuyinhloko kwakusho isakhiwo evamile Geological zensimu, nesimo sendawo, isimo sezulu, umhlabathi, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nokuklanywa enjalo ikuvumela ukudweba imingcele ecacile phakathi kwalezi izingxenye imvilophi womhlaba.

nokuklanywa Physiographic wahlanganyela ososayensi abaningi, zokuma kwendawo nezazi bamazwe. Phakathi kwabo: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan Shani, FN Mielke, NA Sun nezinye. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko ezahlukene nokuklanywa izikimu ziqasha Ochwepheshe eMoscow State University. Lomonosov.

Umlando omfishane ukuthuthukiswa regionalization ngokomzimba nokuma kwezwe

Imizamo yokuqala ukuba nokuklanywa izindawo esukela emuva le ekhulwini XVIII. Kodwa awazange ngaphandle kwesisekelo yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni eyenziwa noma isiphi isici esisodwa. Lezi izimpawu zivame kakhulu kwakuyinto ezisobala kakhulu: imingcele yezombangazwe, noma landforms.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili sebeqala ikhule ngokushesha ikakhulukazi ezindawo wesayensi (Climatology, inhlabathi isayensi, kanye nabanye.). Ngokuqondene nalokhu kwaqina ukuthuthukiswa izifunda ezifanele ezikhethekile nokuklanywa zemvelo. Ngemva kwesikhashana endaweni ezizimele ukwehlukanisa regionalization kwezomnotho.

Kukholakala ukuthi ngesisekelo ezincwadini regionalization ngokomzimba-ezindawo esivela imisebenzi usosayensi omkhulu Russian Vasily Dokuchaev ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX. Kamuva umbono yathathwa ngu ukuthuthukiswa yayo LS Berg kanye GI Tanfiliev. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule phezu regionalization ngokomzimba-ezindawo baqala ukukhuluma sina futhi zokuma kwendawo angaphandle (isib, aseMelika, eBrithani futhi German ososayensi).

Kulolu shicilelo wesayensi lamaSoviet laqala sina unake emuva 20s. Futhi kakade 1940 idaliwe izinguqulo lokuqala nokuklanywa ngokomzimba-womhlaba yase-USSR.

Njengoba singabona, ngalolu daba umsebenzi izingqondo abaningi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Kuyini ngesisekelo regionalization ngokomzimba-womhlaba? Ake sizame ukuba siphendule lo mbuzo.

Kuyini ngesisekelo regionalization ngokomzimba-womhlaba?

GRF - akuyona nje inqubo yokuhlukanisa insimu (noma amanzi) ezindaweni, kodwa futhi ucwaningo lwabo enemininingwane, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa izici enemininingwane ingxenye ohlakaniphe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa uyini ngesisekelo regionalization ngokomzimba-womhlaba? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ngempela esobala nelula.

Ngesisekelo ngokomzimba of regionalization iyona inhomogeneity yezingxenye ngamunye igobolondo kwendawo. Ukuze lezo zakhi kufanele zifakwe:

• isakhiwo Geological;
• impumuzo;
• izici zezulu;
• ikhava emhlabathini;
• nohlaza;
• ezilwaneni nasezimileni.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zokuma kwendawo zamanje ukuphika ukuthi ngempela izindawo zemvelo ezithile. Nokho, imingcele phakathi kwawo njalo sobala ngalokuvakalako. Phakathi ezindaweni ezakhelene ngokomzimba nokuma kwezwe ngokuvamile khona ushintsho esishintshashintshayo ezithile ngaphakathi lapho izici waphawula kokubili izifunda ezisondele (isibonelo, ihlathi inguquko zone ezithile phakathi ehlathini asemaqeleni classical).

Izinjongo kanye nezimiso GRF main

Lolu hlobo nokuklanywa olandela ezihlukahlukene imigomo, ezifana ucwaningo okumsulwa nocwaningo isicelo. Kodwa injongo eyinhloko ye nokuklanywa ngokomzimba-ezindawo onekhono kanye ubufakazi-based kwamangqamuzana kwezendawo imvilophi ezindawo ka the Earth.

Izithelo GRF ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa izimboni eziningi kanye nezindawo yizenzo zabantu: nezolimo, ezamahlathi, ukuhlela zasemadolobheni, geography yezokwelapha, ukuvikelwa imvelo, kanye nabanye.

Inqubo yokwaba izindawo ezindawo ensimini inikezwe kwenzeka ngenxa izimiso ethile futhi ngesisekelo regularities ezithile. Ingabe (eziyisisekelo) Izimiso ezilandelayo regionalization ngokomzimba-womhlaba:

• umnqopho;
• isithunzi sendawo;
• nokuklanywa futhi azonal;
• ukufana izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi;
• the comparability imiphumela nokuklanywa.

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kwalokhu isimiso umnqopho. Sikhuluma ukuba khona umgomo we izakhiwo zemvelo njengoba enjalo. Obuvumelana naye futhi ngivumelana cishe zonke zokuma kwendawo nezazi landshaftovedy (ngaphandle DL Armand). Ayikho ezingabalulekile kakhulu nokuklanywa futhi isimiso isithunzi sendawo. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi amayunithi lokhu nokuklanywa hhayi zingase zihlanganise sezwe ehlukene kanye ngokwendawo wahlukana.

izinhlobo GRF

nokuklanywa Geographical zingase zihluke. Uma ihlose ukugqamisa izindawo kwelinye kuphela izimpawu (izingxenye landscape), it kuzoxoxwa yimfihlo (noma umkhakha). Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube inhlabathi noma nokuklanywa zezulu zendawo.

Uma umgomo ozibekele wona ukuba GRF ahlaziye ngokuphelele zonke sezwe (sezulu, nesimo sendawo, umhlabathi, njll) izingxenye ke kuyothiwa esibanzi (noma i-landscape).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nokuklanywa zemvelo kungaba:

• zonal;
• azonal.

Kususelwa kule ngezigaba, ukukhomba ezahlukene amayunithi taxonomic GRF.

Izindlela regionalization ngokomzimba

the regionalization we "phezulu" nokuklanywa futhi "kusukela ngezansi": Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo ukuze GRF ukuphi. Zombili lezi zindlela kabanzi landscape bese umphelelisi nomunye ngokuphelele.

"Ngezansi" nokuklanywa yemvelo kwenzeka kanje. Esebenzisa nokuhlanganiswa ezincane izakhiwo zemvelo abelwe emikhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi izakhiwo indawo. Lisebenzisa emikhulu landscape amabalazwe. Lapho nokuklanywa kuvela "phezulu" konke kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho. Ekuqaleni labelwe izifunda nesimo abakhulu, futhi-ke, ngokuhlaziya sebuningini amabalazwe kuncike, basuke "bahlukana" ezincane izakhiwo zemvelo.

I regionalization ngokomzimba nokuma kwezwe sisetshenziswa futhi izindlela eziningi classical zesayensi kanye namasu. Phakathi kwabo:

• ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe;
• aerospace;
• Geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• izibalo;
• izindlela computer sekulingisa.

amayunithi Taxonomic GRF

Ngokwezindawo nokuklanywa zemvelo ikhomba amayunithi elandelayo taxonomic:

• zone womhlaba;
• endaweni;
• subzones.

Ngo nokuklanywa azonal isinqumo ukwaba:

• geography ngokomzimba yezwe;
• endaweni;
• esifundazweni;
• izindawo;
• amapheshana;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

Amayunithi wezinga eliphakeme kakhulu yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo indawo yilezi: ikhava yendawo amazwekazi. Kodwa Izingxenye eziyisisekelo iningi GRF kubhekwe facies futhi ipheshana.

Facies unit abekelwe emaceleni we GRF

Umkhawulo (ie, aphansi indivisible) mayunithi ku isigaba sabefundisi izinhlelo kwendawo kubhekwe facies. Kuyini lokhu?

Ngamunye kini kumelwe ukuba wabona ensimini yakhe yokuphila lishayisa, noma u-Ashera birch phakathi izimfunda aluhlaza. Lezi zinto nje izibonelo njengondunankulu facies.

Igama elithi "facies" elisuka Latin futhi livela facies izwi - "ubuso", "umfanekiso", "ubuso". It is esetshenziswa zezitshalo, ososayensi bokuma komhlaba futhi biogeography. Inchazelo yimpumelelo kakhulu ngaleli gama unikezwa usosayensi Soviet D. Nalivkin. Ngokusho kwakhe, facies - ucezu komhlaba, okuyinto libhekene zemvelo esifanayo izimo, yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba aphansi futhi iyunifomu izakhiwo kwemvelo.

Facies njalo akhiwe ngaphakathi eyodwa biocenosis futhi elinesimo impahla ngezinselele umzali ongayedwa, isimo sezulu efanayo, amanzi umbuso kanye nekhava inhlabathi. Kusukela esigabeni sabaphathi umbono geosystem, kuba main kwesakhiwo ingxenye futhi stows podurochisch.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu oyinhloko facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. Zesikhashana (amachweba ugu, deltas, njll).

isiphetho

Manje uyazi ukuthi ngesisekelo nokuklanywa ngokomzimba-ezindawo iyona heterogeneity yezingxenye ngazinye ikhava ezindawo: sezulu, nesimo sendawo, flora, nezilwane nomhlabathi. Le nqubo kusekelwe ezimisweni ezinhlanu eziseqhulwini: umnqopho, homogeneity, isithunzi sendawo, ukubiywa kwalezo zindawo ezilungele (futhi azonal) nokuklanywa comparability kwemiphumela.

GRF kungaba ezahlukene: the zonal futhi azonal, olunzulu umkhakha. nokuklanywa Geographical uhlukanisa komhlaba ku amabhande, ukuklanywa subzones, izwe zemvelo, esifundeni, isifundazwe, kanye facies amapheshana.