"Point-U" (ukuhlela): izici, umzila wokulimala, isithombe

Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kweminye kwabekwa uphawu lokubamba ngobuchwepheshe be-rocket, futhi ngokuvamile ama-rocket afakwa ngisho nakulezo zindawo ezazijwayele ukuhlala ngezikhali ezivamile. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kule nsimu nguNicita Khrushchev. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona kulo mshini kanye nohlangothi olukhanyayo. Isibonelo, kwaba phakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho i-USSR ibeka khona isisekelo esiqinile sesayensi sokuthuthukiswa kwenani elikhulu lezinhlelo ze-missile.

Kulokho "u-Tochka-U": lokhu kufakwa kwakuphakeme kunabo bonke abalingani bangaphandle (futhi ekuqaleni bekungekho nhlobo). Sizokutshela umlando wokudalwa kwalesi sikhali namuhla.

Izidingo zokudala

Cishe maphakathi nawo-1960, uMnyango Wezokuvikela waqala ukusebenza ohlelweni olusha lwe-ballistic ngezinga elinganiselwe. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wezikhali ezifuywayo, lesi sigxobo asenziwe hhayi ngamandla e-combat unit, kodwa ngokunemba kwe-missile. Yonke imisebenzi yangaphambili yokuklama ibonise ngokucacile ukuthi lena yindlela okufanele iphumelele ezweni elisha, elishintshiwe. Ngokuyinhloko, kwakungenzeka ukulimaza insimu yesitha, ngaphandle kokusabalalisa wonke umakhelwane.

Ngafundiswa ukuthuthukisa ICF "Fakel". Lo msebenzi awukwenziwa kusukela ekuqaleni: ama-rockets avela e-M-11 "Storm" eyinkimbinkimbi, eyayifakwa kuphela emikhumbi, yasetshenziswa njengesisekelo. Umphumela wokuqala kwakuyinkimbinkimbi ye-Yastreb. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi izosebenzisa uhlelo lwe-electronic guidance system. Kulula nje, kulokhu kufanele siholele "i-roketi kusukela emhlabathini, njalo silungise ukuchithwa kwendiza yayo.

Kakade ngo-1965 i "Hawk" yaba iphrojekthi "Point". Ingxenye ye-missile yashiywa, kodwa onjiniyela bavuselela ngokuphelele uhlelo lokuqondisa. Ngakho, bashiya ngokuphelele isiteshi somsakazo we-omsakazo, basikisela ukusebenzisa inketho elula yokungena. Akuzange kuvivinywe kabi futhi kuhlolwe eziningana zezinhlelo zangasese zaseSoviet zangaphambili. Kodwa lokhu akukakabi "i-Point-U". Ukufakwa kuhamba ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yentuthuko, njengoba abathuthukisi behlale bebhekene nezingqinamba ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Umsebenzi oqhubekayo

Yonke imiklamo ye "Torch" ayizange ihambe ngaphezu kwemidwebo nemidwebo. Cishe ngo-1966, zonke izenzakalo zadluliselwa ku-Kolomenskoye Design Bureau, futhi iphrojekthi yaqala ukuqondisa iSPP. Noma kunjalo, abakhi beColomna bavumelana ngokugcwele ngombono wabalingani babo kusukela ku "Torch": empeleni, uhlelo lokuqondisa lwangaphakathi luzobe lulungile. Ngokwehluleka, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esikhathini esizayo iphrojekthi yahlelwa kabusha. Eqinisweni, igama kuphela elithi "Tochka-U" lahlala kuye. Ukufakwa kwakuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, ukuklama kwayo kuyabiza.

Ngokuvamile, isigaba esisebenzayo somsebenzi saqala kuphela ngo-1968. Ngalesi sikhathi iphrojekthi isekelwe cishe ngamabhizinisi angama-120 ahlukahlukene wesayense kanye nobuchwepheshe, okwakhiwa "u-Tochka-U". Le ndlela yayitshelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi esifushane kwakudingeka ukuthi kudale i-rocket ngokwayo, kodwa futhi i-chassis yomshini, kanye nokufakwa kokuqaliswa kanye nomthamo omkhulu we-"stuffing" kagesi. Umnikelo omkhulu wenziwa yi-Volgograd's Barricades, eyadala isithuthuthu kusukela ekuqaleni, kanye nesitshalo se-automobiles saseBryansk, lapho zonke izakhi ze-chassis entsha zakhiwa futhi zakhiwa khona.

Sebenzisa kuqalisi

Ngokuvamile, okokuqala ekuqaleni kwakubhekwa izinguqulo ezimbili zesiqalisi, lapho i-missile ye-ballistic "Tochka-U" izoqala khona. Okuqala kwalokhu kwadalwa ngabanjiniyela baseKolomna, kodwa kwasetshenziselwa kuphela ukuhlolwa kwama-polygons. Ngokuyinhloko, kwakuyi-launcher eyaboniswa phakathi novivinyo luka-1971, olwenzeka eKapustin Yar. Cishe ngokushesha indima eyinhloko idlalwe yi-design eyenziwe yi-Barricade plant.

Izici eziyinhloko zeyunithi ye-missile

Ngo-1973, isitshalo seVotkinsk e-Udmurtia saqala ukuqoqa imicibisholo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izigaba zokuqala zokuhlolwa kukahulumeni zaqaliswa, ngokusho ukuthi "iTchch-U" yamukelwa kanjani. Ukufakwa kwamabutho kuyaziwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-index 9K79.

Isisekelo senkimbinkimbi yonke iyisiphequluli esisodwa se-solid-fuel rocket 9M79. Ubude obuphelele bezinhlamvu bezingamamitha angu-6.4, ububanzi babuyi 650 mm. Ukuze kulungiswe inkambo, amasondo okugaya asetshenziswe ngesilinganiso sika-1350-1400 mm. I-rocket enesisindo sokulwa cishe ngamathani amabili aqala, okungenani amathani angama-1 nengxenye ayebhekene ngqo neyunithi ye-missile. Ama-482 kilograms asele ahlukanisa ukushaja okuqhumayo kanye nesistimu yokulawula i-electronic.

Izinkinga eziningi zibangelwa iresiphi efanele ye- rocket fuel, eyayibophezele ukusabalalisa i-missile nokuyiyisa ekuhlosweni. Ekugcineni, siyeka ekubunjweni, okwakuhlanganisa i-raber, i-aluminium powder, kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-ammonium perchlorate. Isitoreji sophethiloli sishiswe cishe emasekhondini angu-18-28. I-missile ithola ukushaywa kwe-inertial, okwanele ukubaleka kweminye imizuzwana engu-235. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhlelo lwe-Tochka-U lwe-missile lwaluhle kakhulu, ngoba lo mdwebo wasetshenziselwa inani elincane lokushisa nophethiloli .

Izici zesistimu yokuqondisa

Njengengxenye yinkimbinkimbi yinkimbinkimbi enkulu yemishini ye-electronic and mechanical, enesibopho sokukhomba: i-command-gyroscopic device, i-analog calculator course, izinzwa eziningi zejubane , njll. Isisekelo salesi simiso kwakuwumshini we-command-gyroscopic brand 9B64. Wayenesibopho sokuqiniswa yesikhulumi ngesikhathi sezindiza. Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo se-missile "u-Tochka-U" siqinisekisile ukuthi i-missile ihlasela isitsheji kude namakhilomitha angu-50 futhi ngokuhlakazeka akungaphezu kwamamitha angama-30-40 kakade ekuvivinyweni, okwakuyi-fronti ngaleso sikhathi.

Kusuka kuwo wonke amadivaysi, idatha idluliselwe kwikhompyutha ye-9B65, eyayibophezele ukubeka okuzenzakalelayo kwenkambo yezindiza. Yenziwe ngokumane nje: idivaysi iqhathanisa ulwazi olutholiwe ngamanani okubekwa kuwo ekuqaleni, futhi, uma kunesidingo, ilungisa indiza. Njengoba sesishilo kakade, lokhu kwenziwa ngosizo lwabagibeli be-trellised, elisekupheleni kwe-projectile. Uma ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kokunikezwa kwamafutha kungakashiswa, amasondo ahamba phambili kagesi asetshenzisiwe futhi asetshenziswa, esebenzisa amandla wegesi akhishwe yi-combustible.

Loluhlelo lwe-missile "Tochka-U" lubuye luhluke kakhulu kubalingana balo bangaphandle, lapho ukuphathwa nokulungiswa kwenkambo kwaba nzima kakhulu izikhathi eziningi.

Ezinye izixazululo zobuchwepheshe

Njengoba izingxenye zokulwa nezokuthungatha izingxenye zalezi zinkimbinkimbi zahlanganiswa ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kulo lonke indiza, izinjini zazigxila ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lokulungisa oluzoqala ukusebenza ngokuqondile lapho selufinyelele khona ekuhlosweni. Ngalesi sigaba, i-gyroscope ebucayi kwakudingeka ibambe i-projectile engxenyeni engama-80 ° kuya emgqeni. Ngokuvamile, i-missile ye-ballistic "Tochka-U", naphezu kokulula nokulinganisa kwayo, ibonisa imiphumela emihle ngokuqondile.

Idatha endaweni yesikhangiso yangena ngaphambi kokuba i-rocket iphakanyiswe esikhundleni sokuma esiqalisweni. Imishini yokulawula kanye ne-Argon converter ibalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi yakha umsebenzi wendiza, ngemva kwalokho idluliselwe ku-rocket.

Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu kwakuyindlela yokuhlola isistimu yokuqiniswa kwe-gyroscopic, eyasetshenziswa yi-missile ye-ballistic "Tochka-U". Ikakhulukazi, ekuklanyweni kwalo kwakukhona i-prism ekhethekile ye-polyhedral exhunywe ohlelweni lokuqaphela indlela yokuhlola. Esigodlweni se-rocket kwakuyiwindi elincane, ukukhanya okuvela kule polyhedron futhi kuboniswe ngqo kwimishini yokuqinisekisa.

Isebenza ekudalweni kwe-chassis yokuzimela

Esigabeni sokuqala, onjiniyela babekholelwa ukuthi i-chassis izokwenziwa ngesisekelo somshini othile owenziwe esitshalweni saseKharkov. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuqhathanisa izici zazo zonke amasampula ahlongozwayo, okukhethwa kukho kwanikezwa ikhophi evezwe ku-Bryansk Automobile Plant. Ngokusekelwe kulesi sikhwama esintantayo, i-9P129 yadalwa. Okumangalisa ukuthi, ngokusho kwamadokhumenti, umsebenzi onxenyeni ethi "Tochka-U" wawuqondiswa isitshalo seVolgograd Barricade. Ngokuyinhloko izakhi ezifanayo kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile ze-chassis ngokuvamile zikhiqiza isitshalo sePetropavlovsk.

Izici zobuchwepheshe be-chassis

Umshini wawugcwele injini ye-diesel, eyathuthukisa amandla amakhulu angama-300 . Injini enamandla yavumela isitshalo ngokugcwele ukuqala ukushayela eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu ngokusheshisa kufika ku-60 km / h. Ukuhamba ngaphandle komgwaqo kunciphise ijubane lomgwaqo kuya ku-10-15 km / h. Uma kunesidingo, inkimbinkimbi ye "Tochka-U" ngamandla ayo anganqoba izithiyo zamanzi, ithuthuke ngesivinini esifanayo kuya ku-10 km / h. Njengoba ubuningi be-chassis abuzange budlulele amathani angu-18, kungathuthwa cishe nazo zonke izindiza zokuthutha ezempi.

Igumbi le rocket laliyinto yokuqala. Ngakho-ke, engxenyeni engaphambili yayo yayisungulwe isibalo esikhulu sokushisa ukushisa, okwakuvikela ngokuqinile impi yempi ye-projectile kusukela ekuchazeni izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu noma eliphansi kakhulu. Yini enye ephawulekayo mayelana ne "Point-U"? Izici zomsebenzi olungiselela ukuqala ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile emlandweni wazo zonke ezinye izinhlelo ze-missile ngenxa yokulula futhi ijubane elikhulu lokwenza yonke imisebenzi.

Ukulungiselela umsebenzi wokulwa, umsebenzi wokuqala

Isimiso sokulungiselela ukuqaliswa kusukela esikoleni sithatha ukulungela okuphelele imizuzu engu-20 esiphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isabelo sezingonyama sesikhathi sasiqedile ekuqinisekiseni ukusimama okukhulu kwe-chassis ngokwayo. Zonke ezinye izinqubo zenziwa ngokubala okuqeqeshiwe izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kwe "Point-U" kuphela (isithombe esitholakala kulesi sihloko) kuyinkinga yangempela.

Ukudluliselwa kwemilayezo ohlelweni lokulawula kwakungamamitha ambalwa, ukukhulisa isiqalisi kuya endaweni eqondile kuthatha imizuzwana engu-15, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwaqala ukuqala. Ukuphakama kweziqhamu kungafinyelela ku-78 °. Ngakho-ke, inkimbinkimbi ye "Tochka-U" iyisikhali esinamandla, ukuthunyelwa kwayo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, kuthatha imizuzu engaphansi kwemibili.

Esikhathini esingaqondakali, umshini wokuqondisa uvunyelwe ukuvula isiqalisi esingu-15 ° esihlokweni sokunene nesesobunxele kumklomelo ophakathi we-chassis ozimele. Lapho udubula ebangeni eliphakeme lamakhilomitha angu-70, le missile yahamba le ibanga ngamaminithi ambalwa nje. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isiqalisi se "Tochka-U" kwadingeka sithuthelwe endaweni yokuhamba futhi saqala ukuphuma endaweni "ebaniwe". Ukuvuselela le nkimbinkimbi kuthatha imizuzu engu-19-20.

Imishini yokuthutha

Yini enye ehlanganisiwe kwi-"Tochka-U" eyinkimbinkimbi? Izici ze-missile yayo, uma ungakhohlwa, kuthatha isisindo se-projectile ngamathani amabili. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle komshini wokulayisha, owadalwa ngesisekelo se-chassis ye-BAZ-5922. Emzimbeni wayo kukhona indawo yemicibisholo emibili, izingxenye zayo zokulwa ezimbozwa ngokushisa ukushisa. Ukufakwa kwama-projectile emigwaqweni kwenziwa nge-crane yempahla, okuyingxenye ye-design 9T128.

Empeleni, ama-rocket angagcinwa isikhathi esincane kakhulu kumshini wokulayisha, kodwa kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa izitsha zensimbi ezenziwe ngenhloso. Iyini isizathu salokhu? Uma ukufakwa kwe- "Point-U" (isithombe esitholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe kulesi sihloko) sigcinwe ezimweni ezingalungile, i-missile ingahamba noma kuphi, kodwa hhayi ngenhloso.

Ukuze uhambise amabanga amakhulu, imishini ekhethekile 9T222 noma 9T238 isetshenziselwa, okuyi-tractor esezingeni elijwayelekile. Omunye umshini onjalo ungathwala iziqukathi ezimbili / imikhosi noma impi emine. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-"Point-U" ihle kangakanani, izici zayo zaqala ukuwohloka ngokuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Yiqiniso, umsebenzi usuqale ukuqeda imishini.

Ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa

Umphumela womsebenzi wukuthi wamukelwa ngo-1983 we-"Tochka-R" eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuyinhloko, ihluke ohlelweni lwakwadala kuphela ngendlela entsha yokuhlosisa i-missile ekuhlosweni. Ngokuqondile, abaqambi babuye babuyela emcabangweni wesistimu yokukhomba i-radar. Isakhiwo esisha singathatha ngokuzenzakalelayo lokho okukude kufike amakhilomitha angu-15, emva kwalokho izindlela zokulawula ezijwayelekile ezizuzwe njenge "Point" endala ziyaqala. Noma kunjalo, ukufakwa okusha kungasebenzisa lonke uhlu lwamakheli akhululwe esikhathini esidlule.

Kusukela ngo-1984, ujikelezo olusha lwemisebenzi seluqalile, ngoba ngisho nezici zohlelo lwe "Tochka-U" lwesizukulwane esisha azange zanelise impi kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwenzeka kakade ngo-1986. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva i-complex eyakhiwe kabusha yamukelwa ngenkonzo futhi yaqala ukukhiqizwa kwayo. Njengokwesikhashana esidlule, izinguquko ezinkulu zithinte ngqo ingxenye ye-rocket. Ngenxa yalokho, ubukhulu be "Point" bukhule cishe ngamakhilogremu angu-250.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela lokhu kubonakala ngokufakwa okusha "Point-U". Umzila wokunqotshwa wabuye wanda. I-missile entsha ithole injini enamandla kagesi enesisindo esisodwa. Ububanzi bezindiza ngemva kwalokho kwanda ngokushesha kuya amakhilomitha angu-120, okwenze ukuba kwenzeke izinguqulo zenuzi ze-projectiles.

Izinguqulo ezintsha zezimpi ze-ballistic

Ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa, lezi zinkimbinkimbi zathola ama-combat units ezinhlobo ezintsha. Ngokuvamile, ngoba namuhla kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zegobolondo ze "Toots":

• 9M79 . Le modet rocket yiyona yokuqala, yabonakala kanye nokufakwa ngokwayo.

• 9M79M . Okokukhetha kokuqala kwamuva. Kulesi simo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ngokwawo bushintshe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqinisekiswa ukuhambisana ngokugcwele nesistimu entsha yokuqondisa okuzenzakalelayo kulitshe. I-missile eyithuthukisiwe ine-index ye-9M79R.

• 9M79-1 . I-missile eneli gama ibonakala ngokuphakama okukhulu kwezindiza.

• I-9M79-GVM . Lena imodeli yokuqeqesha ye-missile yokulwa, esetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha izibalo zokulwa. Ekubukeni, cishe baphinde bazalise ngokugcwele ukulwa kwabo "ama-progenitors".

Izinhlobo zamayunithi ezempi

Amayunithi ezempi yemikhosi ngokwawo ahlukile kakhulu. Lapha sinikeza okuvame kakhulu.

• 9H123 . Uhlobo lokuhlukanisa okuphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwaqedwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha. Esiklanyweni salo, kunamakhilogremu angu-163 weziqhumane neziqephu eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14.5 eziqediwe. Bangakwazi ukumboza indawo yamahektha amathathu. Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ngesikhathi sokuklama, inani elikhulu lokubala lenziwe, ngokusho ukuthi isisindo se-trotyl sitholakala engxenyeni engxenyeni ephakathi kwe-rocket, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusabalalisa okuphelele komfaniswano we-fragment mass phezu kwendawo.

Kungenxa yalesi missile "Tochka-U" wazonda imvelo elihamba phansi. Ukuhlulwa Manpower uma kusetshenziselwa eduze 100%. Fihla kusukela Izakhi ezisindayo elimazayo kungaba endaweni yokukhosela ezinhle kakhulu.

• 9H123K. Kuyini ephawulekayo lokhu missile "Tochka-U"? Izimpawu wakhe ulula: a izwibela ikhasethi igobolondo nge submunitions 50. Ngamunye wabo - it is a ehlukile igobolondo elincane enesisindo 7.5 kg, kanye khilogremu isigamu ophethe icala evuthayo. Abanye "amabhomu" chitha izinsalela cishe 316, kodwa ngenxa ukubhebhetheka kwazo endaweni engamamitha angaba mabili amakhilomitha bamboza ngesikhathi kufika ku amahektha eziyisikhombisa. Ukuze basakaze ngokulinganayo amakhasethi iphutha, isiphambeko sabo Ukuzinziswa itheyiphu parachutes.
• sezikhali zenuzi, ne 9N39 Inkomba. Amandla - an umxhwele 10 kilotons. Kodwa kukhona 9N64 imodeli, amandla okuyinto vele 100-200 (ngokusho emithonjeni ehlukene) kilotons. Zonke kweminsalo ukuthi banikezwa sezikhali zenuzi, zaziphawuleka ngokungabi uhlamvu "B". Kuyoze kube phakade wempilo eyinkimbinkimbi ungazange isetshenzisiwe ngisho nakanye.

Yilokhu libhekene missile eziyinkimbinkimbi "Tochka-U". Izithombe eliningi efanele okwethulwa kulesi sihloko kuzokuvumela ukudala isethulo sakho kukho.