Territory ngaphambi 1917: the yokubusa, endaweni kanye nsi koMbuso Russian

Lesi sigaba yezwe yaba izifunda ukulawuleka bekulokhu omunye izisekelo Russian kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Imingcele ngaphakathi ezweni sashintsha njalo, ngisho ekhulwini lama-21, kuncike kwekuhlela kabusha zokuphatha. Futhi esiteji zombuso eMoscow kanye Russian Empire, lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu kaningi ngenxa ukubusa emazweni amasha, ushintsho kwamandla ezombusazwe noma Yiqiniso.

Lesi sigaba yezwe ekhulwini th 15-17

Ngesikhathi qophelo eMoscow State eziyisisekelo indawo amayunithi zokuphatha babe izifunda. Bakhandwa elise phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze imibuso ababusi kanye ezimele, esibuswa inkosi itshalwe nababusi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yezwe emadolobheni amakhulu (Tver, uVladimir, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod nabanye.) Ingabe Zazibonisa ezimele lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo nezindawo esifundeni ezingafakwanga, nakuba inhloko zazo. Ekhulwini lama-21, usesimweni esifana kwaba eMoscow, okuyinto maphakathi nesifunda yayo de empeleni waba kodwa de jure kuba umuzi ukubaluleka federal, okusho isifunda esihlukile.

esifundeni ngasinye, esikhundleni salokho, lahlukaniswa laba emalokishini - ezindaweni maphakathi okwakukhona endaweni enkulu noma idolobha elincane elinabamemezeli emazweni angomakhelwane. Futhi ezweni enyakatho ihlangabezana division kwaba amakamu, amangcwaba, isigodi noma imephu inhlanganisela ezahlukene.

Umkhawulo unamathisele noma indawo usanda izifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, ezweni Onega Lake ukuze engxenyeni esenyakatho-Ural phansi ogwini ye-Arctic Ocean nabizelwa Pomerania. A Kwesokunxele-yasebhange Ukraine, okuyinto eyaba yingxenye umbuso eMoscow ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ngenxa isimo yayo njengendlela "umhlaba wakhathazeka" futhi wonkana (Cossacks) lahlukaniswa laba regiments - Kyïv, Poltava, Chernihiv nokunye.

Ngokuvamile, division of the State iMoscow yayingenye kudida kakhulu kodwa sivunyelwa ukuba siqhubeke izimiso eziyisisekelo lapho nokuphathwa ezindaweni wonke amakhulu eminyaka alandela. Futhi ebaluleke kakhulu kubo - ukuphathwa yomuntu oyedwa.

Lesi sigaba yezwe ekhulwini le-18

Ngokwezazi-mlando, lapho kusungulwa i-division zokuphatha yezwe senzeka ngezigaba eziningana, izinguquko lapho main kwenzeka ekhulwini le-18. EsiFundazweni umbuso Russian sekukhona ngemva Isinqumo kaPetru mina e 1708, futhi ekuqaleni kwakukhona kuphela 8 - eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan naseSiberia. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva banezela Riga futhi Astrakhan sifundazwe. Ngamunye kubo wathola umhlaba, hhayi umhlaba kuphela kanye viceroy (umbusi), kodwa futhi uwuphawu lalo.

izifunda Bafunde bekukukhulu kakhulu, ngakho kahle ephethwe. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko ezilandelayo okuhloswe ngaso ukunciphisa yabo nokuhlukaniswa amayunithi okhonzile. I-mlando eyinhloko yale nqubo:

1. Eyesibili izinguquko uPetru I 1719, lapho nsi koMbuso Russian waqala ukwehlukana izifundazwe nezifunda. Ngemva kwalokho, lona wamuva kwangena izifunda.
2. Izinguquko 1727, ukuze uqhubeke inqubo ezindaweni unbundling. Ngokusho imiphumela yayo, kwakukhona izifundazwe 14 nezifunda 250.
3. Kuhlelwa kabusha ekuqaleni wokubusa Catherine I. Phakathi neminyaka engu-1764-1766 kwakukhona kumiswa umngcele futhi akude izindawo esifundazweni.
4. Catherine izinguquko 1775. Ungene nge iNdlovukazi "Institutions ukuphathwa izifundazwe" kwasho izinguquko ngobukhulu zokuphatha kanye indawo emlandweni wezwe, owathatha iminyaka engu-10.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le Izwe lahlukaniswa laba 38 governorships, izifundazwe 3 futhi izifunda ezinesimo ekhethekile (Tauride). Phakathi zonke izifunda kwabelwe 483 wesifunda, eyaba ezincane iyunithi indawo.

Vicariate kanye nsi koMbuso Russian ekhulwini le-18, i-short-wayehlala evunyiwe Catherine mina imingcele. Inqubo division zokuphatha baqhubeka kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu esilandelayo.

Lesi sigaba yezwe ngekhulu le-19

Igama elithi "esifundazweni Russian Empire" eyabuyiswa ngesikhathi uPawulu mina yezinguquko, okwakwenza komzamo ukunciphisa inani lezifunda kusuka 51 kuya 42. Kodwa iningi labo eyenziwa ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha kamuva emuva.

Ekhulwini le-19, i-division zokuphatha-indawo yenqubo sigxile ukwakheka izifunda engxenyeni Asian yezwe futhi ezindaweni enamathiselwe. Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko eziningi ezidingekayo ukubalula lokhu okulandelayo:

• Lapho u-Alexander I ngo-1803 uvele saseTomsk futhi isifundazwe Yenisei, kanye eKamchatka Territory lwaqhekeka off bevela ezweni lase-Irkutsk. Esikhathini esifanayo lenzeka Grand Duchy of Finland, Polish Kingdom, Ternopolskaya, Bessarabskaya futhi isifundazwe Bialystok.
• Ngo 1822 amazwe laseSiberia zahlukaniswa 2 umbusi-jikelele - entshonalanga maphakathi Omsk naseMpumalanga, eyayintula dolobha lase-Irkutsk.
• Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 emazweni ahlanganisiwe of eCaucasus zadalwa Tiflis, Shamakhi (kamuva Baku), Dagestan, Erivan, Terek, Batumi futhi isifundazwe Kutaisi. A angomunye le Kuban Cossack Army kwavela endaweni ne emazweni Dagestan yesimanje.
• esifundeni Maritime kwamiswa 1856 evela ezindaweni izungezwe ombusi-jikelele East laseSiberia. Ngokushesha, yena wakhetha lase-Amur Region, okuyinto wathola ibhange kwesokunxele emfuleni igama elifanayo, futhi ngo-1884 wathola isimo Sakhalin Island Special uMnyango Primorye.
• Umhlaba-Asia Ephakathi futhi Kazakhstan kwanezelwa e 1860-1870-yalolucwaningo. Insimu wafakwa ihlelwe esifundeni - Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Turkestan, le Transcaspian nabanye.

Ezindaweni wengxenye European yezwe futhi ubelokhu izinguquko eziningi - imingcele sasishintsha njalo, kusabalalise umhlaba, ukuqanjwa kabusha iphutha. Phakathi ongumlimi kabusha izifunda nsi koMbuso Russian ekhulwini le-19-ke lahlukaniswa laba emalokishini ukuze bakhululeke nokusabalalisa ezimali komhlaba.

Lesi sigaba yezwe ekhulwini lama-20

Kule minyaka 17 eminyaka yokuphila ka ngaphansi koMbuso Russian division zokuphatha-indawo senzeka izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezimbili kuphela:

• Sakhalin esifundeni, kuhlanganise esiqhingini eponymous kanye ezungezile eziqhingini ezincane futhi archipelagos kwamiswa.
• On amazwe yayinqoba ka iningizimu yeSiberia (lwanamuhla Republic zaseTuva) Uryankhai indawo idalwe.

Nsi koMbuso Russian agcinwayo imingcele yabo kanye namagama iminyaka 6 ngemva kokuwa yezwe, okungukuthi, kwaze kwaba ngo-1923, lapho izinguquko lokuqala nokuklanywa waqala eSoviet Union.