U-Austin Jane (Jane Austen). UJane Austen: amanoveli, izinguqulo zeskrini

Futhi kuze kube yilolu suku u-Miss Austen Jane ungomunye wabalobi abadumile kakhulu base-English. Ngokuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uMdade wokuqala wezincwadi zesiNgisi. Imisebenzi yakhe iyimpoqo yokutadisha kuzo zonke iikholeji zaseBrithani namayunivesithi. Ngakho wayengubani lona wesifazane?

Idatha yemininingwane emfushane

UJane Austen wazalwa ngoDisemba 16, 1775. Indlu yomndeni wakhe yayise edolobhaneni elincane lesifundazwe laseStephenton, esise-Hampshire. Uyise wakhe, uGeorge, indoda efundiswe ngempela futhi ekhanyisiwe, wevela emndenini omdala waseKent futhi wayengumpristi waseParish.

Umama womlobi, uCassandra Lee, naye uvela emndenini omdala kodwa ohluphekile. Emndenini, ngaphezu kukaJane, kwakukhona nezinye izingane eziyisikhombisa - abafowabo uJames, uGeorge, u-Edward, uHenry, uFrancis noCharles, kanye noDade Cassandra. Umlobi wayesondelene kakhulu nodadewabo. Kwakuvela ezincwadini zabo ukuthi amanye amaqiniso mayelana nokuphila kukaJane nokuzilibazisa kwaziwa.

Ubuntwana nokukhula komlobi odumile

Eqinisweni, okuncane kuyaziwa ngobuntfwana nobusha bentombazane ka Miss Austen. Okufanayo kuya ekubukeni kwakhe, ngoba izincazelo ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene zizwakala zihlukile. Noma kunjalo, kuvame ukukholelwa ukuthi uJane wayeyintombazane enhle kakhulu, enhle futhi enhle enengqondo engqondweni, engqondweni ebucayi yokuzijabulisa nokuzibuza okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayethanda imfashini, wayenesithakazelo kubafundisi, wayeya ezigodini, ehamba ngezimoto ezijabulisayo kanye nezingxabano ezidlalayo nezihlobo nabajwayele.

Uphi Miss Austin athole imfundo?

Imisebenzi yomlobi ayikhombisi kuphela ithalente engavamile, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo okukhulu kuka-Miss Austen. UJane wafundiswa ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Ngo-1783, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo, kanye nodadewabo uCassandra, baqala izifundo zakhe e-Oxford. Kodwa odade babengenanhlanhla, ngenxa yokuthi babhekene nokuhlukunyezwa komphathi wekhanda, bese beqeda i-typhus. Kwabe sekukhona isikole eSouthampton, emva kwalokho amantombazane aphinde ashintshe isikole. Isikhungo semfundo ku-Reading asizange sifane nentombazane efuna ukwazi, ngoba umusa womqondisi wahambisana nokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi imfundo yezingane.

Ngemva kokuhluleka okuningi, uJane waphindela ekhaya, lapho imfundo yakhe ithathwe nguyise. UGeorge Austin wakwazi ukufaka emadodakazini akhe uthando lokufunda kuphela, kodwa futhi nokunambitheka kokufunda okucashile. Le ntombazane yakhula futhi yahlakulela emqondweni, futhi kusihlwa kwadlula ukufunda nokuxoxa kwezincwadi zezigaba zakudala.

Ithonya emsebenzini womlobi

Yiqiniso, imfundo yasekhaya kanye nolwazi lwezincwadi zikayise lwashiya umshicileli emsebenzini womlobi. Kodwa kunezinye izici ezathonya ukudalwa kwamanoveli kaMustin Austen odumile. UJane, ngemva kwakho konke, wayephila ezinsukwini zomlando odumile - kwakuyi-revolution eFrance, inguquko yezimboni eNgilandi, ukuvukela e-Ireland, impi yokuzimela eMelika, njalonjalo.

Naphezu kokuthi impilo yakhe yonke iningi uJane wachitha esifundazweni, wayehambelana nezihlobo zakhe nabangane bakhe, abamchaza ngokucacile izenzakalo zomlando ababezibandakanya kuzo. Yilezi zincwadi ezaba intombazane encane umthombo ongapheli wemibono nolwazi oluwusizo.

UJane Austen: Imisebenzi Yesikhathi Esiqala

Akubona bonke abalandeli bomlobi abazi ukuthi wakhetha imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala eneminyaka eyi-15. Isibonelo, omunye wemisebenzi enjalo kwakuyiveli ye-epistolary ethi "Uthando Nobungane", okwakhiwa njengehlobo lomdlalo wezintandokazi zothando zesiNgisi ezaziwa ngaleso sikhathi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wasebenza "eMlandweni weNgilandi", eqinisweni kwakuyi-parody, ipheshana encwadini ethi O. Goldsmith. Lapha uJane ngobuhlakani futhi ehleka ngokusobala izimangalo zomlobi ukuba azibhekiselele, ngenkathi ebeka amaqiniso angempela omlando. Omunye umdwebo wezinkulumo zendabuko zesiNgisi kwakuyiveli encane ethi "Beautiful Cassandra."

Amanoveli adumile omlobi

Ngokuqinisekile, cishe wonke umuntu okungenani kanye empilweni yakhe wayenethuba lokubona imisebenzi kaJane Austen. Amanoveli ayo athandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalandeli bezincwadi zakudala.

Ngo-1811 umsebenzi wokuqala kaJane Austen washicilelwa - "Isizathu nemizwa". Ngendlela, washicilela le ncwadi ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Lady". Lena indaba elula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo mayelana nodade ababili abanezinhlamvu ezahlukene. UMarianna uyintombazane engokomzwelo futhi ethandekayo ofuna ukuthola uthando lwangempela, kuyilapho u-Elinor evinjelwe kakhulu, enengqondo futhi ewusizo.

Ukuphumelela kwalo msebenzi kuvumela umlobi ukuba ashicilele incwadi elandelayo ngo-1813 - inkaba eyaziwa kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukuziqhenya Nokucwaswa", okuyinto, ngokusobala, eyabhalwa ekuqaleni. Kuthiwa lo msebenzi wabhalwa ngokushesha ngemva kokuphumula noTom Lefroy, kodwa kusukela abamemezeli bewushaya okokuqala, walinda iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ukuphenduka kwawo. Indaba yothando, okumele ibhekane nobandlululo oluningi futhi inqobe ukuqhosha, ingenye yezincwadi ezithandwayo kakhulu zomlobi.

Umsebenzi oshicilelwe olandelayo wawuyincwadi ethi "Mansfield Park." UJane Austen wasebenza iminyaka emithathu. Ngendlela, lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi yi-novel okuthiwa yezemfundo. Indaba yentombazane eyoyikhetha phakathi kokubiza kwenhliziyo, imithetho yokuhlonipha kanye nokuphikisana okunengqondo, sekuyi-storyline yochungechunge lwe-mini.

Ngo-1816, enye inkulumo edumile, u-Emma, yanyatheliswa. UJane Austen lapha ngendlela ehlekisayo wachaza indaba yentombazane ejabule, enomusa, ojabulisa, osiza izintombi ukuba zishade. Wahlanganyela engxenyeni yabadlali bezemidlalo, abahamba kahle, u-Emma wayezishaya indiva injabulo yakhe.

Ngo-1817, ngemva kwalokho, enye incwadi yanyatheliswa ngokuthi "Izimpikiswano zomqondo". UJane Austen utshele umfundi ukuthi indaba edabukisayo mayelana nokuthi u-Ell Elliot, oholwa iseluleko esiwusizo samantombazane kamama wakhe, walahla umuntu oyedwa owawuthandayo. Ngendlela, leli bhuku livame ukubhekwa njengombhali womlobi ngokwakhe.

Ngonyaka odlule, enye inkaba ishicilelwe - "iNorgan Abbey", okuyinto ejabulisayo neyinkimbinkimbi yezintandokazi zamaGothi eziyingqayizivele .

Imisebenzi engaqediwe kaJane

Empeleni, akuwona wonke umsebenzi womlobi odumile ophelile. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuphila kuka-Miss Austen, inoveli encane ye-epistolary ebizwa ngokuthi "Lady Susan" ayishicilelwanga. Kubhalwa phakathi kuka-1803 no-1805, indaba yendoda enobuqili noyengqondo uMnuz Susan, ezama ukuthola indoda efanele, iphakamisa izinkinga ezibalulekile zokuziphatha nokuziphatha.

Isihloko esifanayo sokuzingela ama-grooms sathinteka nakwenye enye inoveli engapheli yombhali obizwa ngokuthi "Watsons." Ngandlela-thile, lo msebenzi kamuva wagcwaliswa umshana kaJane futhi washicilelwa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Udade osemncane".

Kunomsebenzi owodwa owodwa odumile womlobi waseBrithani, ongazange akwazi ukuwuqedela. Ngaphezulu kwendabuko uJane "uSandton" uJane waqala ukusebenza izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe futhi wakwazi ukubhala kuphela isiqeshana salo. Ngo-2000, lo msebenzi wagcwaliswa umlobi waseNgisi uJulia Barrett - inkaba evela kude ebizwa ngokuthi "Charlotte".

Ukuphila komuntu womlobi

Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi, naphezu kokubonakala kwakhe okumnandi, uJane Austen uye wahlala yedwa. Ngesikhathi esemusha, wathola umshado nomshado osuka kumshana wakhe ocebile uMnuz Gresham Weasley, kodwa wenqaba, ngoba wayengenalo imizwa ngaye.

Ngomnyaka ka-1795, umuntu owaziwa ngumfundi ompofu uThomas Lefroy no-Miss Austin baqhubeka. UJane izikhathi eziningana wakhuluma ngalezi zenzakalo ezincwadini zakhe kubodadewabo. Phakathi kwalaba bantu abasha, ngaso leso sikhathi, imizwa yokuhlukana yaphela, kodwa kwakudingeka bahlukane. Phela, abantu abasha bevela emindenini empofu, futhi umshado ozuzisayo kuphela kanye nezindlalifa ezicebile zingasilungisa lesi simo. Ngendlela, uTomas ekugcineni waba yiJaji eliPhezulu lika-Ireland. Futhi uJane, oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, ugqoke isigqoko somsikazi omdala, etshela umhlaba wonke ukuthi ngeke ashade.

Ngemva kokufa kukayise, umlobi wasiza unina ekhaya, njengoba isimo semali somndeni sasinzima kakhulu. Ngo-1817, uJane wathuthela eWinchester, lapho aphethe isifo sika-Addison, ngenkathi esebenza encwadini ethi "Sandton". Lapha wafa ngoJulayi 18.

UJane Austen: ukuvumelanisa ifilimu yamanoveli

Eqinisweni, imisebenzi yomlobi waseNgisi iye yaba nesithakazelo esikhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, kuphela incwadi ethi "Ukuziqhenya Nokucwasa" ihlolwe izikhathi eziyishumi. Ngesikhathi sokuqala isithombe esisekelwe encwadini inoveli sivele esikrinini ngo-1938. I-TV yokugcina yeveli yodumo yakhishwa ngo-2005 - indima ka-Elizabeth Bennet eya eKeira Knightley, kanti uMnu Darcy wadlala uMathem Macfadyen ngokumangalisayo .

Incwadzi ethi "Isizathu nemizwa" yaqoshwa izikhathi ezinhlanu. Omunye umsebenzi odumile obizwa ngokuthi "u-Emma" wakha isisekelo sesakhiwo sokudweba okwesishiyagalombili. Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke ama-movie nguJane Austen. Isibonelo, kunamafilimu amane adalwe ngokusekelwe encwadini ethi "Izimpikiswano zomqondo." Futhi i- "Northanger Abbey" yahlolwe kabili - ngo-1986 no-2006. Kukhona nezinguqulo ezintathu zesikrini somsebenzi "Mansfield Park". Ngokusobala, wonke amanoveli agcwalisiwe kaJane Austen abe yisisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zamafilimu. Futhi naphezu kwesikhathi, izinguquko endleleni yokuphila namasiko, lezi zindaba ezilula mayelana nothando, ubungane nokuziphatha ziyakuthandeka kakhulu phakathi kwababukeli nabafundi.

Amafilimu ngokuphila komlobi

Eqinisweni, into eyithakazelisayo evela kumkhulu we-cinema yayingewona kuphela imisebenzi kaJane Austen, kodwa futhi impilo yakhe ngokwayo. Kuze kube manje, kuqoshwe amafilimu amathathu, isakhiwo esincane noma esilandelayo kudatha yemininingwane yomlobi odumile. Isibonelo, ngo-2002, ifilimu eqoshiwe eyayinesihloko esithi "The Real Jane Austen" yakhululwa, ngokusekelwe kwedatha eyaziwayo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezincwadi ezisele eziseDade Cassandra.

Ngo-2007, umdlalo onesihloko esithi "Ukuhluleka Kokuthandana kukaJane Austen" kubonakala ku-skrini, okusho indaba yeminyaka yokugcina yokuphila komlobi onethalente kodwa onesizungu nobuhlobo bakhe nomunye wabantwana bakhe. Lapha indima kaJane yaya ku-Olivia Williams.

Ngonyaka owodwa ka-2007, i-melodrama "Jane Austen" ("Ukuba nguJane") yadutshulwa, isakhiwo esisekelwe encwadini edabukisayo yombhali nommpofu, ummeli oqhoshayo kodwa othakazelisayo uTom Lefroy.