Ukusetshenziswa iraba kwezokwelapha umkhakha. Ukusetshenziswa iraba yemvelo: Izibonelo

Rubber kuyinto kwakwakhe organic izingxenye zawo ezinkulu kukhona i-carbon ne-hydrogen. Thola kuye aphume izitshalo bok obukhethekile, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi injoloba. Lezi abameleli flora zimila ezindaweni ezishisayo. izitho zabo (izithelo, amaqabunga, amagatsha, isiqu, izimpande) aqukethe latex. Lokhu akulona Milky ubisi ketshezi, zezitshalo, ososayensi namanje singabaze ngqo ngokubaluleka kwawo ngenxa yokuphila umzimba isitshalo. It latex ngesikhathi coagulation etholwe okuqinile mass nokunwebeka, okuyinto iraba yemvelo kanye zemvelo.

History of the ukutholakala injoloba yemvelo

Umnikelo Hristofora Kolumba ekuthuthukiseni impucuko izwe akugcini omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba. Kwaba umkhumbi wakhe, i-umsizi wesikhonzi senkantolo esiqhingini saseHispaniola e 1493, wathatha eSpain, umkhiqizo wokuqala kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Kwaba rubbery ibhola bouncy, okuyinto abendawo wenza kusukela ubisi ka izihlahla zenjoloba - izitshalo ezitholakala loMfula Amazon. Ukubona njengoba amaNdiya waphonsa ngomdlandla into emangalisayo, okuyinto ukufinyelela phansi, ngisho labhampa, njengoba ephilayo, efana ekwenzeni gxuma, abaseSpain benza abamangali sina. Ngemva kokuzama ukubamba ibhola bouncy, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi sinzima ngokwanele, ngisho alalelwa stickiness yayo kanye nephunga nobuntu intuthu.

Ukusetshenziswa iraba kusuka amaNdiya akuyona esilinganiselwe ngakho. ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala hhayi kuphela ababedlala ibhola, kodwa awusebenzisa emikhosini yenkolo ezihlukahlukene. Futhi ubisi somuthi, okuyindawo etholwe, njengengcwele wayibiza ngokuthi "umkhiqizo iraba", okusho ukuthi "ukhuni izinyembezi."

Phakathi curiosities wabuyisela uColumbus eSpain, kwakube nokusitheka lokhu ibhola engavamile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala umlando ukusetshenziswa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba.

Imizamo yokuqala ukusebenzisa

Kodwa abantu baseYurophu abakakhokhi asinakekele ngokwanele iyisimangaliso amaNdiya. Futhi kuze kube ngekhulu XVIII akazange acabange ukuthi ezibanzi futhi ezihlukahlukene kwenkululeko zenjoloba. Kuphela uma amalungu bomkhankaso French ukuvakashela amahlathi emvula aseNingizimu Melika, waphinde alethwa eYurophu, thina alalelwa kuye. Of ngisho isithakazelo eyengeziwe lapho usosayensi French S. Condamine, ekhuluma emhlanganweni Assembly of Paris Academy of Sciences, yabonisa amasampula yalolu ketshezi, wabonisa ngezindlela kwezicelo kungenzeka kanye nemikhiqizo ezenziwe kwalo.

ububanzi ukusetshenziswa iraba zemvelo e-Europe uqale ngabo-1770, lapho a isesekeli entsha ubonakele ezikoleni - gummilastik, elalisetshenziswa ukusula imigqa ipensela.

Khona-ke kwaqala yokusesha asebenzayo izindawo okungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Kuyinto nesikhathi besokunxele Invention nochungechunge zenjoloba. A umklami Scottish Charles Macintosh ukuyichaza badedele ungqimba ezondile iraba phakathi ezimbili zamatshe indwangu, bese sitholakala kanjalo i Indwangu amanzi. Lokhu kwaziswa waba crazy udumo izingubo ke lethiwa umsunguli. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu Macs.

Ukuwa umkhakha iraba

imizamo kokuqala ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nezicathulo waterproof ayiphumelelanga. Galoshes, nakuba sesingochwepheshe imfashini isikhathi esifushane, kodwa usizo akusilo ehlukene. Esikhathini abandayo, bangase crack, kodwa ukushisa cishe elicibilikile wanika off nephunga edabukisayo.

Abasunguli intshiseko akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Kwenye yalezo iminyaka ezindaweni eziningi eYurophu kwakuyi elishisayo kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwethonya okusezingeni eliphezulu imikhiqizo lokushisa iraba umkhakha yaphenduka mass awful elibi. Zonke amabhizinisi lokhu umkhakha wabe eseya ungeke uzithole usuwile.

Ukuvulwa kaCharles Goodyear

Futhi akekho nje nempela owayeke wacabanga okwengeziwe galoshes futhi Macs, uma hhayi aphikelele American Charles Goodyear. Uye enikelwe nokuthola izindlela ukudalwa ezinhle ezibonakalayo iraba iminyaka eminingi.

Goodyear wachitha eziningi zokucwaninga, ukuxuba iraba cishe wonke umuntu. Wanezela kuso, nosawoti, kanye pepper, nesihlabathi, ngisho isobho. Akayisebenzisanga yonke imali yakhe namandla, umsunguli isivele ngililahle ithemba. Kodwa imizamo yakhe abangu ethwele impumelelo okwamanje. Ukungeza enkompolo sulphur, kutholakala ukuthi amandla futhi kuyaqina, nokuzinza ngcono ezishisayo.

Ngakho, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza ngcono zenjoloba. Izakhiwo kanye Izicelo uxhumano olusha aphinde yaba into ukutadisha ososayensi kanye nezimboni. Goodyear impahla okuholela thina manje bizelani kimi iraba, futhi inqubo lapho lwamukelwa - vulcanizing injoloba.

I iraba boom

Ngemva ukuvulwa ukuthusa usosayensi ujabule wawa izipesheli eziningi ukuthenga le patent for impahla icebo. Ukusetshenziswa iraba ukwenziwa iraba isibe omkhulu. Kuze kube yimanje, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe baye baqala ukuba ufune izindlela zokuziphindiselela kulinywe ensimini yabo izihlahla zenjoloba. Kule ndaba, abasesimweni kakhulu eBrazil, ngokuba kuyabongeka lokho phambi isimo kwaba umnikazi amasheya enkulukazi izitshalo ezifana. uhulumeni waseBrazil wenza eziningi umzamo ukuhlala esinakho kule ndawo, akuvunyelwe nakancane zokuthumela imbewu nezihlahla izitshalo zenjoloba ezincane. Ngenxa yalesi ubugebengu isigwebo sokufa lalibuye kwethulwa.

Kodwa eyiNgisi Vikgem kokuba hlola umkhuba, wakwazi ukuya loMfula i-Amazon, lapho ekhishwe ngasese ethunyelwe UK 70,000 imbewu iraba esihlahleni. Futhi nakuba abalimi bendawo hhayi waphendukela ensimini ka isimo sezulu ezahlukene ukhule isitshalo tropical, ngenxa yemizamo yabo ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile bavele emakethe a eshibhile futhi iraba IsiZulu okungabizi.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa iraba zemvelo uye waba ebanzi ukuze inani iraba lidlule 100 000. Kubonakala wethulwa ukukhiqizwa lenqwaba imikhiqizo emisha: elihambayo amabhande ukwahlukanisa, "gum" ngoba nelineni, izicathulo zenjoloba Balloons zezingane nokunye. . Nokho, ukusetshenziswa eyinhloko iraba yemvelo kuye kwahlotshaniswa embonini yezimoto lapho kuqala imoto-yasungulwa, bese amathayi.

Ukusetshenziswa iraba iraba ezweni lakithi kwaba isikhathi eside esekelwe ukukhiqizwa kwawo izinto zokusetshenziswa angaphandle. Kuphela ngesikhathi bethola Dandelions eKazakhstan, izimpande aqukethe iraba, imikhiqizo ngowokuqala iraba asendabeni yasekhaya. Kodwa kwaba kakhulu inqubo isikhathi, njengoba Ukukhetha iraba of dandelion izimpande kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ngenxa emakamu yayo ongaphakeme (16-28%).

Ukulungiselela zokwenziwa iraba

Izinto ezingokwemvelo iraba yemvelo singahlangabezani izimfuno eliphezulu sabantu yezimpahla ezenziwe kulokhu kwaziswa. Manje ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kukhiqizwe zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba.

SV Lebedev ngo-1910 okokuqala Uthole zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba. Indaba for the ukukhiqizwa butadiene labelwa kusukela ethanol. Kamuva, ngokwenza polymerization ukusabela usebenzisa metallic sodium etholwe butadiene zokwenziwa kuyo izihlahla zenjoloba.

Industrial Ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa iraba

Ngo-1925, SV Lebedev ngagxila umsebenzi ekutholeni indlela yezimboni zamagama injoloba. ke yaxazululeka eminyakeni emibili ngempumelelo. Laboratory indlela yokuqala embalwa ikhilo iraba abangu kuhlelwe umqondo. It Lebedev waqala ukutadisha izakhiwo irabha, kanye zokupheka ukuthuthukisa ukukhipha kudingekile ezidayiswayo.

Futhi eminyakeni eyalandela ukusetshenziswa iraba kwaba umgomo oyinhloko we S. V Lebedeva. Kwaba ngendlela yakhe ukuze isitshalo kwezwe yokuqala ukuthi ukhiqiza le nto laliqongelelwe batch lokuqala le nto ngoba isikali ezimbonini.

Esikhathini kusuka 1932 kuya ku-1990, iSoviet Union Lo magazini uye waba umholi ngokuya ukukhiqizwa embonini. Ukusetshenziswa zokwenziwa iraba kungenzeka bandise imikhiqizo lobuchwepheshe iraba, ngokukhethekile: imikhiqizo akhiwe ngerabha elithambile, izicathulo amathe, amashubhu ehlukahlukene hoses, sealants kanye anamathelayo, upende nezinye latex ezisekelwe.

Zokwenziwa iraba: Izakhiwo kanye Izicelo

Manje uhla zokwenziwa iraba ikhuphuke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa phakathi XX leminyaka. izinhlobo ezahlukene kungase kube isimo esihlukile kakhulu amakhemikhali ukwakheka kanye umthengi izakhiwo. Ukwahlukanisa zokwenziwa iraba okusekelwe umehluko we monomers ezisetshenziswa ekuwulungiseleleni. Ngakho, kukhona isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene kanye nezinye izinhlobo. Ngokusho kwenye ngezigaba, rubbers zihlukaniswe izinhlobo kuncike amaqembu isici ngama-athomu, kufakwe Ukwakheka kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, eyaziwa izinhlobo polysulfide, abicah rubbers nokunye okunjalo. D.

Indlela eyinhloko esikhiqiza zokwenziwa iraba - the polymerization of dienes futhi alkenes. I monomers ezivamile kulesi simo kungenziwa ngokuthi butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile nabanye.

Ezinye izinhlobo polysulfide, polyurethane iraba ikhiqizwa yokusabela ukufingqa.

Rubbers kwenjongo jikelele kanye ekhethekile

Ngokuhambisana isicelo Amasimu rubbers zingahlukaniswa zibe jikelele futhi ekhethekile injongo izinto. Abamele iqembu uqale inhlanganisela izakhiwo okuyinto enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba uzisebenzise ukwenziwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, izakhiwo nokunwebeka Kuyothi okushisa abavamile. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa ekhethekile-injongo zokwenziwa iraba ihilela ukusindisa izakhiwo kanye ngokomthetho ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isib, ngaphansi kwethonya frost nomlilo, i-ozone nomoya-mpilo, nokunye. D.

iraba Isoprene: isicelo

Ukubunjwa isoprene iraba kuyafana zemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, uhla izakhiwo zalezi izinto kakhulu luqondane.

nemibi zalo zakhiwa ukumelana abampofu okushisa aphakeme, i-ozone futhi elangeni. Okuphansi amandla athishela we iraba okusekelwe kuzo - isici elenza kancane ethandwa isoprene zenjoloba. isicelo kunzima ngenxa stickiness anda, ukungabi Uhlaka zidlule. Kodwa emikhiqizweni Monolithic angadingi inqwaba izingxenye kwakwakhe, isoprene rubbers asetshenziswa kabanzi.

nezimagqabhagqabha iraba

Ukusetshenziswa iraba kwezokwelapha futhi kwenzeka. Umkhiqizo ezivamile phezu umkhakha wezokwelapha, okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa injoloba - band zokwelapha. Kuyinto ingxube iraba namakhambi okwelapha izinto ezihlobene. Izinzuzo nezimagqabhagqabha efana:

• ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside tackiness;
• ukuhambisana ne izidakamizwa eziningi;
• harmlessness;
• lula ukusetshenziswa.

Inqubo ukukhiqizwa siqukethe Ukuqedwa 1 okuyingxenye iraba ezingxenyeni 12 uphethiloli. Bese busuka isixazululo nezinye izingxenye ahlobene: turpentine (yenyusa stickiness), lanolin (evimbela omiswe), i-zinc oxide (buthakathaka ukucasuka), izidakamizwa (nomphumela oqabulayo wadala).

Izimila akhiwe ngerabha

Ngempela izihloko iraba ezibalulekile kungenziwa okuthiwa yi-human isitho izimila. Ukusetshenziswa iraba ekukhiqizeni kwabo samuva nje futhi kwaba ukuqala kwenkathi entsha ekuthuthukiseni wezokwelapha.

izimila Tracheal kukhona izinto poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, polyamides. inhliziyo Artificial nezingxenye zalo zenziwa polyurethane futhi polioksilanov. Polyethylene ne-polypropylene kukhona ukwaziswa ekhiqiza izingxenye nolwelwesi emphinjeni, futhi polyvinyl chloride iyona isici esiyinhloko sokulawula nolwelwesi nezinye izingxenye isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Imithambo yegazi yokufakelwa eyenziwe polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene futhi polypropylene. Ukuze uthole abantu abakhubazekile, amathambo entsha nezihlanganiso ukusiza polyacrylates, polyamides, polyurethanes.

Ukusetshenziswa iraba emikhiqizweni ezimbonini

Inani iraba emnothweni kazwelonke nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa iraba bemvelo injalo elicwengekileyo - a rarity. It is avame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela zenjoloba. Imikhiqizo ezenziwe le nto atholakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke abayenzayo. Lokhu ukwahlukanisa wire, futhi womshini izicathulo kanye izingubo, futhi ezimoto, nokuningi.

Esikhathini umkhakha izicathulo zisetshenziswa, njengoba umthetho, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo iraba: ukungena nakwamanye amazwe (yedwa), lesikhumba-like (Ezansi isihlangu), okusobala (izithende).

Ukusetshenziswa iraba yemvelo kanye zokwenziwa analogue yayo kungukuthi ngephutha babe ikuyo yonke indawo. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo izidingo kakhulu abantu, ngokuba yezinto enemisebenzi kakhulu.