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Ubani owasungula ikheshi, futhi nini?

Elevator - yafika esiyingqayizivele, manje bathola iningi labantu emhlabeni. Le divayisi ephakamisa ziqine impela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngakho kakhulu ukuthi abantu abaningi abacabangi ngokuthi ubani owasungula ikheshi, futhi nini. Kulesi sihloko sichaza ngokuningiliziwe ngakho.

Ubani wokuqala yasungulwa ikheshi, futhi uma kwenzeka?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kudingeka sihlehlele emuva eRoma sidilizwa. Kwakulapho, edolobheni eHerculaneum, uvele sibonelo lokuqala ikheshi. Kusukela dolobha lisendaweni esinqeni iVesuvius, washeshe zibulale intaba-mlilo. On kumbiwa a abavubukuli endlini abazi ukuthi ngubani yasungulwa ikheshi, sathola imininingwane kahle walondoloza we lift, esisetshenziselwa siphakamise izitsha siphelile kusuka ekhishini ekamelweni lokudlela. izakhi Found sangomhla 79 ngonyaka n. e. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi futhi iVesuvius kwaqubuka.

Nokho, eminye imithombo ithi lapho kuthiwa amarekhodi ngaphambili zangaphambi izithombe ngamakheshi ebhaliwe. Ngokwesibonelo wamapulani eseRoma ngokuthi Vitruvius kuveziwe indatshana yakhe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa ngaphambilini womklamo ikheshi Archimedes of Syracuse. Izinsuku wesandla kusukela ngonyaka 236 BC. e.

France

Ngo-1743 i-Palace SaseVersailles uLouis XV eyakhelwe lift umgibeli. Idivayisi yadalelwa zinenjongo eyodwa vó: le nkosi ukuthi anganginika yini yona ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu ekhuphukela efulethini eliphezulu, lapho indlovukazi yakhe wahlala.

Ubani owasungula le ikheshi eRussia?

Ngo 1795, Petersburg, e ngamaphasiji Winter Palace, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba bagcine bumpkin amafutha Bezborodko. Chancellor kwaba engajwayelekile e yena zokwethaba injabulo. kamuva kwavela ukuthi Bezborodko "Wakhumula" ku "samopodomnom esihlalweni" ezindlini yenkosi. Vele kwaba prototype zedivayisi, ofakelwe kwalesi sihloko.

Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo esisemthethweni: "Ubani owasungula le ikheshi eRussia" Kwaba womqalisi oluvelele Ivan Kulibin. ephakamisa wayo indlela ukusebenzisa abantu esisodwa noma ezimbili: i-screw phambili, okuyinto efakiwe thwi, ukuhambisa nati ekhethekile, ukukhuphuka cab platform. Le divayisi abe yokuchitha isizungu intandokazi zezinceku esigodlweni nezikhulu eziphakeme. Phakamisa Kulibina kwaba umgibeli ikheshi lokuqala, elakhiwa ngo-uMbuso Russian.

EBritain le America

Ngo-1800 njengendlela drive ukuthi siphakamise wokuqala ukusebenzisa injini umusi. Kwathi Melika kwelinye ezimayini, lapho misela amalahle. Umnikazi wayo ngokushesha baqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa injini umusi ngezinye izikhathi kuzokhulisa ijubane amalahle ukuvelela kakhulu ukwandisa nekusebenta ukukhiqizwa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngenkathi operation emakethe zommbila. Ngamagama kwezomnotho, sebenzisa ngamakheshi baba inzuzo. Kakade ngo 1835 amabhizinisi yezimboni England, baqala ukusebenzisa umusi yizimpahla zommbila.

lift wokubacindezela

Kodwa amadivayisi amasha kwadingeka eyodwa ethile sina. Kwakudingekile ukuba silondoloze njalo ukusebenza kwe-injini umusi. It akazange adale izinkinga ezimayini, lapho ikheshi yasetshenziselwa njalo. Kodwa kwabantu bemikhakha ehlukene, lapho lift wahlinzwa babeyivakashela ngankathi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kukhona okuningi ngokuphazamiseka. Futhi amakhaya musa setha ngamakheshi umusi ngenxa ngomsindo wabo ngokweqile. Ingxenye Inkinga yaxazululeka e 1845. umsunguli American Vilyam Tompson owasungula le lift lokuqala wokubacindezela. design futhi wayo nemiphumela ethile engathandeki samanje, njengoba kudingeka oketshezini umthombo wegazi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, futhi usebenzisa injini umusi. Kuphela manje ingabekwa ukude kusuka kusayithi ukufakwa udladla. A ketshezi ngokwayo fed ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokusebenzisa amapayipi. Nakuba eziningi emadolobheni kakade wasebenzisa eyodwa amanzi supply system. Kodwa ngenxa ingcindezi ongaphakeme ingeqi 0.38 MPA, base engafanele ngamakheshi Thompson.

ekuthuthukiseni design

Ngo 1851, uWilliam Armstrong (unjiniyela) wasungula accumulator wokubacindezela. Le divayisi luyanda futhi kunikezelwa ngaphansi kwamanzi anomfutho njalo nezelani uMbhalo. umklamo ibhethri yayilula. A dengezi mpo (plunger ubukhulu - 40-45 amasentimitha) of okuhlinza asekelwe ibhokisi egcwele amatshe noma amatshe. Empeleni, isikhuphukeli Armstrong ubuhanjelwe zonke izingxenye ezisemqoka ikheshi yesimanje wokubacindezela. Lokhu accumulator kanye Okuphindaphinda, kanye wokubacindezela cylinder plunger hlobo. onjiniyela European baye bazishisa umsebenzi owodwa kuphela. Banquma ngcono ukuklanywa ngamakheshi nge plunger isilinda isinyathelo esiqondile. I lift okuqala uvele 1849 eNgilandi. It yasungulwa ngaleso "Osmaston Manor." Kodwa maphakathi nawo-60s i wokubacindezela umgibeli lift, baqala ukusebenzisa wonke amahhotela ezinkulu of England.

Imodi ephephile zokuthutha

Futhi lapha sifika impendulo yombuzo othi "Ubani owasungula le ikheshi ngekhulu le-18?" U-Elisha Amathuna Otis - yilokho igama unjiniyela. Nguye abenyukela lift ephephe kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, American isishintshe kakhulu ukuzibonakalisa: eyakhelwe kwamakalishi, wasebenza esigayweni, kwaba yesisebenzi, ababebakhonza ifektri ifenisha. Kukulo muzi lapho ecelwa ukuba enze lift ukuletha amapulangwe esitezi sesibili. Ngenkathi besebenza kulo msebenzi futhi Amathuna necebo wakhe wokusungula.

Ngaphambi Otis intambo abethela ngqo abanikeze asebenza nabo, futhi u-Elisha ngumuntu steel bakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlupheka ipuleti-entwasahlobo. Ohlangothini lift umsunguli isethi yokubeka komzila ngamunye. Ngisho ngaphansi isisindo isiteji entwasahlobo ezingenalutho uqobo kulula luqhephuke futhi aphethwe phakathi kwazo. Uma intambo anqunywe, entwasahlobo waqonda futhi izinjongo zabo washaya ngamazinyo komzila, abavumi ukuwa gumbi. Noma ubani owasungula le ikheshi ku-Elisha, futhi ngisho akakwazanga baphupha uhlelo zokuphepha ezifana.

"Otis Elevator"

Ngokushesha Amathuna wavula inkampani yakhe Otis Elevator. Yamadivayisi Uphakamisa Waqamba ngamakheshi ephephe kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Ngo-1854, ukwandisa yokuthengisa imikhiqizo yayo, Otis wasungula gimmick. ENew York, omunye amahholo embukisweni nge Dome okusezingeni eliphezulu (12 metres), umsunguli ibekwe phakathi izisekelo ezimbili ephakamisa platform. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo isakhiwo kwaba umsizi Otis nenkemba ende. Sam Amathuna e isigqoko esiphezulu futhi Tuxedo kwaba emsamo phakathi emabhokisini nemigqomo. Lapho ikheshi esebenzisa injini umusi wayesema phezulu, u-Elisha ithimba umsizi ayonquma intambo. Isiteji wawa phansi, kodwa ngemva ambalwa amamitha ukusuka ezimbi imishini screech umlilo futhi eyeka wakhe. Izilaleli zashaya izandla lowo owasungula le ikheshi. UElisha Amathuna Otis esingu isilinda wakhothama kuzo zonke izindawo.

lift Electric

Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, ukwakhiwa ngcono zommbila. Ngo-1887, A. Miles of America wathola igunya lokwenza i ukuphakamisa kagesi. Umklamo entsha ibe umnyango yokuvala uhlelo kwemayini uma kwenzeka ungekho phansi abanikeze asebenza nabo.

Ngo-1889 godu Otis Elevator wabutha lift wokuqala walolu hlobo kwelinye New York namabhilidi. Kusukela leli phuzu waya ukusabalala ngamakheshi kagesi kuwo wonke amadolobha zomhlaba. ezisunguliwe ephakeme emkhakheni ngamakheshi ngokuyinhloko inkonzo ezishintshayo nokulawula izinhlelo. Ngokuba ukusebenza sokuqala ngqá ngamakheshi required abasebenzi Friend (emsebenzini izibuya ophakamisa abanikeze asebenza nabo we umusi injini unjiniyela). Kodwa ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XX ke kwakudingeka omunye ophakamisa kuphela eyodwa ngogesi i ezimayini ezahlukene isakhiwo. Nangesinye emisha kuhlanganisiwe ukwethulwa iyunifomu. Manje begqoke ophakamisa wakhe waba uyisihluthulelo kwabasebenzi kuwo wonke ehhotela ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1924, inkampani "Otis Elevator" usungule isimiso ikholi ikheshi ngokucindezela inkinobho. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, unjiniyela Houghton yasungulwa iminyango othomathikhi. kudivayisi Uvele ngeke ngokuzenzakalelayo zommbila futhi kakhulu lula ukuzilondoloza.

isiphetho

Ngakho, manje wazi owasungula ikheshi, futhi nini. Siye kuyofikwa kwemvelo kule divayisi kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla. Yini okulandelayo? Indlela onjiniyela bheka lift ngekusasa? Akungatshazwa ukuthi kuyoba okusheshayo, othomathikhi futhi evikelekile. Futhi mhlawumbe isikhala!

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