Udizili amakhanda Russia. amakhanda okusha, izithombe kanye Ukucaciswa

Izitimela - lokhu ingenye elula kakhulu futhi ezingabizi into yokuhamba, esetshenziswa izigidi zabantu. On endaweni Russian Federation ngenxa amakhono ujantshi abazenzi zonke izinkulungwane usuku traffic kokubili abagibeli kanye impahla emikhunjini ehlukahlukene. intuthuko Modern zobuchwepheshe evumela ukukhulisa umzamo Tractive izitimela, ngalokho lunikeze ezingeni lelisetulu nekghono kanye ezokuthutha velocity. Ngakho-ke amakhanda Russia kufanele kube kokuhlolisisa ikakhulukazi, ukuze baqonde izinzuzo zabo kanye izici lobuchwepheshe.

Mfushane Umlando

Eyokuqala amaphrojekthi lobuchwepheshe amakhanda ku izikhala ethu evulekile wavela Njengoba sekuzoqala ikhulu lama-20. Udizili amakhanda Russia ngaleso sikhathi "satalwa" ngo-1905, sibonga unjiniyela kanye noColonel Kuznetsov Odintsov, ababengamaphayona emphakathini lobuchwepheshe, ngokubeka obala umbiko esitimela ezimele nge injini caloric.

Ngo-1930, unikezwa ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe, uqalile ukulungiselela-teplovoznikov Ochwepheshe ngesikhathi eMoscow electromechanical Institute. Kakade kusukela ngo-1950 amakhanda udaba lahlelwa kwezinye ngobukhulu amabhizinisi umshini wokwakha.

Ukwahlukaniswa main

ERussia kanye amakhanda wonke umahluko ngesisekelo izici eziningana.

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana inkonzo yabo kukhona ukwahlukana ku:

• Passenger.
• Shunting.
• Freight.
• Universal.
• Industrial.
• Buciko ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi.

Futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi amakhanda futhi ukuthutha bestelezhechnogo hlobo. Have umehluko zalamaqembu.I kanye izingxenye eziningana okungaba noma eyodwa noma ezimbalwa.

Umgomo we operation kanye eziyisisekelo teluhlaka

Udizili amakhanda Russia (eqinisweni, njengoba lonke izwe) sisebenza isimiso esiyisisekelo ezinjalo. Injini udizili alamathuluzi ezokuthutha iguqula chemical amandla ezenzeka ngesikhathi omlilo uphethiloli ibe amandla mechanical - ukujikeleza crankshaft, nakho ethunyelwe nge ukujikeleza traction idluliselwa ngqo isondo usenemigqa. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi kudinga ukubambisana ecacile udizili esitimela izici futhi ngokuqondile. Ngenxa yale njongo, izinhlelo kanye ekhethekile zadalwa ukuthi avunyelwe ukuba usebenze abahamba izitimela zamalahle.

Amayunithi eyinhloko esitimela yilezi: luhlaka, umzimba, injini diesel, ukudluliswa, chassis, ukubopha uhlelo, kudivayisi Autocoupling. Phakathi amadivaysi asizayo avele: uhlelo Ukuphola, uhlelo zokucisha air udizili umlilo, imishini kagesi.

Izinhlobo igiya elisetshenziswa amakhanda

Sesitimela Isithuthi Russia isebenza ngesisekelo zinhlelo ezilandelayo, okuyilezi:

• Ugesi.
• Umfutholuketshezi.
• Hydromechanical.
• Mechanical.

Uma sikhuluma ukudluliswa mechanical, kufanele waphawula ukuthi ibe kahle ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu, isisindo ongaphakeme, kalula abebeziphilisa ngako. Nokho, kukhona ukungathembeki, nokuthi ungaphakathi okuvela ongenakugwenywa jerks ngesikhathi ushintsho igiya.

ukudluliswa agesi ihlinzeka okuningi ukulungiswa abushelelezi isivinini esitimela, kodwa has a isisindo esikhulu futhi zibiza izingxenye.

Kakhulu uvalwe ezilungisiwe ukudluliswa isivinini - wokubacindezela. Kodwa efunwa kakhulu kwi ukuhlanzeka uketshezi ukusebenza, futhi izinga yesondlo yalo, nakuba usizo emsebenzini walo izikhathi eziningi Analogue Mehnichesky ngaphezulu.

izingxenye Mechanical ngoba amakhanda

Vele kanjani ngokushelela izoya esitimela on the track incike ekuklanyweni of yayo imoto wokwakha (mechanical) izingxenye, okubandakanya: a trolley nge wheel amasethi, oluvala amasondo amabhokisi nge iziphethu (bathola uzimele main), umzimba (olunamathela yonke imishini asele).

Wheel pair of amakhanda kungenzeka ukushayela (ukushayela) kanye muller (blank). Izitimela eRussia manje ikakhulukazi isebenzisa i-pair of amasondo ukushayela.

Railways Modern Russian

Esikhathini ezingokoqobo zamanje ezinzima zomnotho izitimela Railways ukudlala indima eqakathekileko ngokugcwalisa isabelomali isimo. Ngokuya ngaleli qiniso, abakhiqizi yalesi imishini benza yonke imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle yayo futhi banciphise izindleko. Ngakho, i-Bryansk umshini wokwakha isitshalo ngo-2015 amakhanda entsha 2TE25KM zadalwa. Le modeli inikeza ukwanda nenqwaba izitimela ithuthwe, ukunciphisa ukusebenza yawo. Onjiniyela bakwazi ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo izinga ukusetshenziswa injini diesel. Kulokhu, nendawo yomshayeli is ngaphakathi accordance nga zonke namazinga omhlaba ethokomele nephephile. Kwakuvamise njengoba yokwenziwa uhlelo Ukuvikelwa ezingaba thembeke ukuvikela iqembu esitimela ekulimaleni uma kwenzeka ukushayisana ngephutha. Kukhona uhlelo air-conditioning. Special heater ezimele heats emoyeni lokushisa oyifunayo, uma kunesidingo.

Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono induduzo abasebenzi lezi amakhanda entsha anemisila izinto vibration-Damping ngesisekelo. Khudlwana ezingeni cab Ergonomics. Zonke izingxenye ezinkulu okungatholakala kalula ukutholakala ngenxa yokulungiswa. Leli qiniso kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa Ukuphumula we edepho esitimela ngesikhathi yesondlo yalo ehleliwe noma ukuhlolwa isimiso ngesikhathi hambo.

Ngesikhathi 2TE25KM isethulo, eyaqala ngo-Ephreli 2015, abangu-inhloko-Russian Railways Yakunin, umongameli "Transmashholding" Bokarev, futhi. obakhathalelayo. Mphathi Bryansk esifundeni Bogomaz.

Ukukhiqiza e izitimela

Ngo izitimela jikelele Railways ukunikeza mayelana 80% inzuzo inani ezingaphezu kuka-40% ukuthuthwa abagibeli, kokubili nezasemalokishini e yokukhulumisana okwengeziwe.

Lezi ukusebenza high elisekelwa izinzuzo izitimela, okuyizinto ezilandelayo:

• High esithwele umthamo.
• Nekusebenta ngobuningi ezokuthutha olude.
• Ukuthembeka kanye nokuvikeleka.
• izindleko ephansi yezintaba izimpahla.
• Ubuncane imiphumela eyingozi emvelweni nasemkhathini.

Amathrendi ukuthuthukiswa emakethe

Modern ubunjiniyela Russian ngaphakathi the bombo of abakhiqizi eziholela kunalokho ngenkuthalo asathuthuka izimakethe ezintsha, ukuthumela imikhiqizo yayo emazweni amaningi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Kulokhu, izici lobuchwepheshe kwemikhiqizo emisha neze kunabayeni kunemifuziselo zabo zakwamanye amazwe. Cabanga ngokuningiliziwe entsha imodeli udizili esihlokweni kungaba lapha esithombeni. Udizili amakhanda Russia, ekhiqizwa "Transmashholding" oshiwo ngenhla, manje isiphethwe ukusebenza futhi emazweni Asian ezifana Uzbekistan. Njengoba kuyoba ikakhulukazi amakhanda neqhaza ebambe emikhulu nokuqaliswa izinhlelo okuhloswe ngazo sesimanje ujantshi ezokuthutha kuleli zwe-Asia Ephakathi.

Efingqa, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa izitimela kuyoba ashukumisayo. Okungenhla-echazwe zako tikhombisa ngalokusobala rationality kwezimali utshalomali ukuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa practice izitimela ezintsha, ukwenza imisebenzi ayinikiwe them ngaphakathi phi sezulu kanye izimo zezulu.