KumiswaImfundo yesibili nezikole

Ukolweni - kuyini? Inani izitshalo ekuphileni kwebantfu

Nathi kusukela ebuntwaneni ujwayelene nalesi sitshalo okusanhlamvu ezifana kakolweni. Kuyini kakolweni, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi nokuthi ngaphandle kunzima ukucabanga Ukudla yomuntu yesimanje. Namuhla sizobe bajulise ulwazi lwabo amakhambi, sihlolisise imibono yakhe, izindlela kulinywe, izakhiwo, kanye nokunye.

izici Jikelele

Ukolweni, izithombe lokho ngokuqinisekile ajwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu, uhlobo eneminyaka emibili esalisekela noma okusanhlamvu. Ufulawa ethathwe kakolweni, esetshenziselwa baking breads kanye ukukhiqizwa ukukhanya ukudla okuthile. ukukhiqizwa ufulawa Ukusingathwa uya ukondla imfuyo kanye nezinkukhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa kakhulu njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini. Wonderful isitshalo kakolweni yiyona ehamba phambili wokudla kwezitshalo emazweni amaningi, futhi iyingxenye ukudla ukhiye enyakatho China, ezinye izindawo zaleli India naseJapane, amazwe amaningi aseMpumalanga Emaphakathi naseNyakatho Afrika, kanye emathafeni eNingizimu Melika.

Umkhiqizi main kakolweni kuyinto China, futhi endaweni yesibili kuhlala Melika. Basuke kulandele enjalo emazweni ezinkulu esikhiqiza: India, e-Russia, France, Canada, e-Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. Uma inhlamvu kakolweni kuyinto ebaluleke wezolimo adayiswa omhlaba, okubangela cishe 60% okusanhlamvu nokuthengiswa. The main kakolweni isithekelisi Melika. Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa eCanada, eFrance, e-Australia ne-Argentina. I abangenisa eziyinhloko Russia, China, Japan, Egypt, Brazil, Poland, Italy, eKorea, e-Iraq kanye Morocco.

kakolweni izinhlobo efinyelela ezinkulungwaneni futhi ube ngezigaba kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko - kanzima futhi ezithambile. izinhlobonhlobo Soft zihlukaniswe krasnozernye futhi Belozernaya. Njengomthetho, basuke Simila ezindaweni ezinomswakama. Durum ukolo buhlanjululwe in a ezomile, isibonelo, ezindaweni lapho asemaqeleni evelele. E-Australia, naseNtshonalanga Yurophu ikakhulukazi ukhiqiza izinhlobo esithambile. Ezindaweni ezifana Melika, Canada, eNyakatho ye-Afrika, West Asia, e-Argentina nase emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union - izinhlobo ikakhulu kanzima.

biology

Siyaqhubeka bajwayelane ungukolo isitshalo. Kuyini ukolweni iphuzu begazi umbono? Lona umbuzo olandelayo ukuthi kuwufanele ophendulayo. Njengezinye okusanhlamvu, ukolo utshani Isiqu has a ISIZINDA nomgodi internodes. Amahlamvu ilula, komugqa, kabili zilandelana, eduze. Ngamunye wabo isuka engeyokuqala, futhi siqukethe emgodleni ohlanganisa overlying interstitial kugaywe efanayo tube uzoy futhi ipuleti eside. Ngesikhathi umngcele phakathi ipuleti sangasese emithathu yayifanekisela nomxhantela: ulimi filmy okungukuthi eseduze stem, kanye pair of esehlanganise amathebhu yayo fingerlike.

Top interstitial, olubizwa nangokuthi peduncle, inflorescence amabhere - spike kwakwakhe. Kuhlanganisa izimisele-eksisi emaphakathi futhi esukela inflorescence yayo elula - spikelets ezibhekene ebanzi side axis. At ngamunye amabanga spikelet kusukela amabili kuya kwamahlanu ku qeda uhlangothi izimbali, okuyinto lihambisana ngohlangothi engezansi pair of ishq. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhangqwana ngamunye evikela imbali bracts - kuqhathaniswa obukhulu aphansi kanye ishq engenhla mncane. Ezinye izinhlobo kakolweni aphansi Isikali sombala iphela umgogodla eside. izinhlobonhlobo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ama spinous.

Izimbali kakolweni, ngokuvamile ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane. Sinenkosi stamens emithathu pistil ethwele stigmas ezimbili feathery. Ezansi izintambo itholakala 2-3 amafilimu amancane akujabulela (lodikuly) enza imisebenzi perianth. Ngesikhathi zom lodikuly sikhukhumale baphokophelele izikali ezungeze imbali. Ukolweni kuyinto ogxile self-impova isitshalo, kodwa kukhona zinhlobo futhi cross-impova. Emva kokukhulelwa, esibelethweni likhula kusuka encane izithelo kanzima - a Weevil, esiqhutshwa ngenxa spikelet izikali zezimbali.

Yokusanhlamvu, noma njengoba ibizwa Weevil - pericarp, kwakhiwa kusukela odongeni esibelethweni okuyinto bangahlukani ehlangene imbewu eyodwa eliqukethe la i-embryo endosperm. Umbungu itholakala ngasesinqeni se ohlangothini okusanhlamvu, futhi kuhlanganisa plumule, radicle futhi eduze le endosperm ayeshintshe cotyledon - isihlangu. Lapho umbungu ikhula, emgogodleni inikeza eyinhloko uhlelo impande, gemmule - "omdala" izimpande zalesi sihlahla kanye nezikhungo zayo ezikhula ngaphandle kwenhlabathi futhi isihlangu ama-enzyme i-ukugaya we endosperm futhi uqhuba umsoco ukuze ihlumela, ekuqaleni ekuthuthukiseni isikhathi. Ngakho ukuphila kwakho uqala kakolweni abasha. Photo, kukhonjisiwe ngezansi, kuyosisiza ukuba bawuqonde ngokucace kakhudlwana isakhiwo walo wokusanhlamvu.

Izinhlamvu ezihlwanyelwe emhlabathini, ubamba umswakama, aba maningi aze ahlanganise futhi likhula. Gemmule impande embryonic ne zikhule futhi wandise nibonakala ngokulandelana liye phansi bese phezulu. Uma uyikha phezulu le inhlabathi, kusukela culm engeyokuqala kuqala kwakhiwa kusukela plumule, ukunweba izimpande adventitious ukuthi legatsha futhi yakha mochkovuyu uhlelo impande. Indawo lapho isiqu liya impande libizwa entanyeni impande. ngenhla nje wesibeletho, ephansi stem ISIZINDA kukhona eduze komunye nomunye. Kusukela axils amaqabunga ayakhula ohlangothini amahlumela. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi kakolweni tillering.

Phakathi izinqubo, lesi sitshalo ibizwa ukuhluma. Bese kufika esigabeni ukukhululwa in tube - esheshayo ukunwebeka utshani. Ngemuva kwalo sokulima - kumiswa inflorescences. Phakathi sokulima, internode kwenza indlebe 8-10 ngamasentimitha ngaphezu topsheet.

Grain ifinyelele usayizi yokugcina nele-embryo ne siqukethe endosperm zamanzi. Ekuqaleni endosperm okusobala. Nokwanda isitashi okuqukethwe, kuba mhlophe. Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi ripeness acidosis. Grain umswakama incipha kancane kancane futhi ekuqukethe uba njengamazwi inhlama okunamathelayo. Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi wax ripeness. Ekugcineni, lapho avuthwa ngokugcwele okusanhlamvu (oluvuthiwe ngobuchwepheshe), kuba nzima.

izakhiwo

Ngakho, sesibonile ukuthi ukolweni. Uyini izinhlobo onzima ezithambile, siyazi. Manje ake sixoxe pahla ukuthi wenze lokhu isiko ithole isicelo ebanzi ezinjalo. izinhlobonhlobo Soft futhi kanzima, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici, kuningi ezifana, futhi ngakolunye - benezingane eziningi umehluko oyisisekelo ukuthi kufanele ucabangele nakanjani uma usebenzisa ufulawa. Ngokwezazi-mlando, umehluko phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko okusanhlamvu kakolweni aziwa amaGreki namaRoma asendulo, futhi mhlawumbe impucuko ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho.

Ufulawa etholwe ungukolo ezithambile babe ethambile futhi elikhulu okusanhlamvu isitashi, it has a ukungaguquguquki esihle futhi crumbly, futhi unezinhlobo ezingaba ngu gluten ubamba emanti lamancane. Lolu hlobo lwe-ufulawa ithole isicelo baking confectionery. Isinkwa engeyinhle, ngoba kusukela kule imikhiqizo ufulawa ngokushesha lukhuni futhi sidilike kabi. Ezindaweni lapho ufulawa ezithambile ezikhulayo evelele ngokuvamile isinkwa kubhakwa inhlanganisela izinhlobo zendawo ezithambile amazwe okuqinile.

Ufulawa eyatholakala kusukela durum ukolo, has a amancane okuqinile isitashi granule, ukuthungwa emihle, futhi elinesimo okuqukethwe olukhulu gluten. Loku kudla kubizwa ngokuthi "strong" ngoba ubamba emanti kanye isetshenziswa bhaka lwesinkwa. Libuye umkhiqizo ezidumile durum ukolo pasta.

sphere kwesicelo

Inani kakolweni e ukuphila komuntu kuye kwaba enkulu njalo. Nokwanda ekudleni abantu ukwabelana inyama nokunye ukudla-non-cereal, lemali kakolweni sokudliwa kubo nezinye okusanhlamvu ikhishiwe. Ukolweni nayo owasetshenziswa kakhulu njengesisekelo imfuyo feed. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Milling yayo izinga cishe akunamthelela umsoco. EMelika, isibonelo, ukudla, baqala ukusebenzisa okusanhlamvu lonke, nakuba ngaphambili esetshenziswa imfucuza ukugaywa.

ukukhiqizwa ufulawa Ukusingathwa fed izinkomo eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Ukusingathwa nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu cellulose Zaziphakelwa izinkomo namahhashi, kanye ongaphakeme - yenkukhu noma ngezingulube. Ukolweni bran njalo zenani ibhekwa njengengxenye yokudla okunempilo ukuze ekudleni izimvukazi futhi izinkomo abakhulelwa. Ngaphambili banikezwa anjengamahhashi, ngenxa izakhiwo laxative. Izingulube ezikahle bran encane, aqukethe amagciwane bese unamathela kuzo ufulawa. ukusebenzisa kakhulu ngempumelelo sabo bebonke kanye izinhlanzi ukudla, ubisi by-imikhiqizo kanye imfucuza zokuhlatshwa, njengenhlangano okufakiwe ukondla okusanhlamvu. Ngo yenkukhu, ikakhulukazi broilers, ukusetshenziswa yokugaya imfucuza muva encishisiwe, ngenxa ukuthandwa okwandayo izabelo nizkovoloknistyh.

Kusukela amaprotheni eziqukethwe okusanhlamvu kakolweni, kwathiwa yokuqala eyatholakala sodium glutamate. Kuyinto into okuyinto sithuthukisa ukunambitheka imikhiqizo. EJapane, i-sodium glutamate iye kabanzi ukukhiqizwa soy nososo. Nokho, manje-ke bafunda indlela ukuphuma okuletha kukhompiyutha efanayo.

Kuze kube muva nje, isifundo osetshenziswayo kakolweni yayihloselwe ikakhulukazi ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo zalo yokudla okunempilo. izifundo Laboratory bathole ukuthi kakolweni gluten kungaba impahla eluhlaza ukwenziwa zepulasitiki, zemicu anamathelayo. Inkinga iwukuthi mikhiqizo etholakala usengozini futhi zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, futhi ngenxa yalokho akusho ukumela value commercial.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba ukuthambekela ukwehlisa ukusetshenziswa lwesinkwa, okuyinto siyavuka isithakazelo ekuhloleni izindlela ezingekho yendabuko ngokusebenzisa kakolweni. Ngakho, kusukela ufulawa usebenzisa ukuphathwa ngendlela ekhethekile, baye bafunda uthole "osheshayo" ukudla-like ngokubukeka semolina, gluten ukwenza okusezingeni eliphezulu amaprotheni wokudla sasekuseni esheshayo, ukolo isitashi isetshenziswa ukuqinisa ephepheni. Futhi kakolweni lwegciwane, izakhiwo ewusizo okuye kungase kutholakale, futhi bonke baqala ukudla okuluhlaza.

izakhiwo Yesigcilikisha kanye viscous ufulawa ziye obusetshenziswa embonini. Ufulawa isetshenziswa njengenhlangano okufakiwe ukuze imishini uketshezi kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uwoyela. Futhi isizinda igolide isixazululo, siwulimi ejenti flocculating. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ufulawa asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni of Gypsum ibhodi izingxenye amaminerali esibophezelayo kangcono nephepha, ikhonza njengombonisi yamathebhu ngoba anamathelayo, ipulangwe amanzi. Futhi lena nje zezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukusebenzisa ufulawa kakolweni embonini.

ngezigaba

Kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono, ukubaluleka ikude lonke kakolweni. Inani kuncike zezimila. Okuzuzisa kakhulu, ngakhoke common ezintathu zama-kakolweni: ehlobo / elithambile / ezivamile, kanzima, futhi plotnokolosaya / yemifino. Uhlobo lokuqala Simila emhlabeni wonke futhi ikakhulukazi obusetshenziswa embonini ukubhaka. Nangangesihlabathi uhlobo lwesibili isetshenziswa ukwenziwa pasta, ngoba abacebile gluten. Lokhu ukuxuba amaprotheni, yakha mass okunamathelayo kuxhumene inhlama kahle futhi azigcina yawo Bubbles of carbon dioxide. Ngenxa gluten, inhlama liyaphuma, isinkwa awuve umuhle. Kepha ukolweni club, ufulawa owenziwe isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi bayobhaka crumbly.

Summer ukolweni yakhulela nenani elikhulu. glumes wakhe akheke ikamu-like kuphela phezulu. izikali Lower zom beardless. Solomin kakolweni enjalo ngokuvamile eziyize. Of yemifino kakolweni vulgaris side, okuxekethile noma compact, izindlebe dorsoventrally isicaba ezahlukene. Isici esiphawulekayo durum ukolo kuyinto emikhulu abukhali ngokufanele kanye ubude lonke indlebe ishq. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile awned lemmas izikali. Solomin durum ukolo, njengoba umthetho, ayiphelele.

Ukolweni izinhlobo zihlukaniswe entwasahlobo ebusika. Spring kakolweni Simila ngokuvamile ezindaweni nge onokhahlo ebusika. Kuhlwanyelwa entwasahlobo. Winter kakolweni Kuhlwanyelwa ekwindla kanye kuvuna ehlobo elilandelayo. Lona uhlobo ezivamile, njengoba ucala kutfutfukisa phambi kakolweni ebusika, igcinwe ijubane nge ngokushesha futhi ukunika ezithela ephakeme.

ngemvelo

Ukolweni ekhula kahle anhlobonhlobo izimo zezulu, futhi ohlukanisile cishe bonke ezindaweni zezolimo, ngaphandle ukuthi zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala ukolo athuthukile cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokwe ukumelana amakhaza, leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa kuphela ibhali, amazambane kanye ezinye utshani aklaba. Heat sithole ukolo futhi akesabi, ngaphandle kokuthi kuhlangene umswakama high. Kulo mBhalo, okusanhlamvu abahlushwa izifo ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto kunciphisa inzuzo ukutshalwa yabo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule isiko sekunzima sikhule yonke indawo, kukhona esishintshashintshayo ezimbili eziyinhloko, lapho ukolweni Simila elikhiqizayo ikakhulukazi. Eyokuqala phakathi 30 futhi 55 degrees enyakatho nenkabazwe, kanti eyesibili - kuka-25 no-40 degrees eningizimu ye-latitude. kwezulu Lonyaka kulezi zindawo ezomhlaba kusuka 300 kuya 1100 mm. Imvula elikhulu isivuno esihle 250-1000 mm ngonyaka. ukukhula kakolweni kwenzeka ku uhla lokushisa kusuka degree angu-3 kuya kwezingu-32. Ngoba ukutshala ekuseni kakhulu, izithombo bangaguliswa, ngisho njengoba ngenxa ngasekupheleni (in the case of kakolweni ebusika) kakhulu.

Spring kakolweni ngokuvamile kulinywa kusukela ngo-March kuya Meyi, konke kuncike izimo zezulu sendawo. Harvest uqale ukuhlanza lapho umswakama okusanhlamvu lehla 13%. Spring kakolweni ukuvuthwa ezinsukwini ungqoqwane mayelana 100 ngokugcwele. Uma ulisuse ngaphambi, kuzodingeka ukuba iphendukele omiswe. A yokuhlanza ephakeme kubabangele ukulahlekelwa ivolumu, okusanhlamvu overripe uqala sidilike emhlabathini.

Winter kakolweni Simila ngaphezu kwakho konke ifolishi. Lapho imiphumela ukufinyelela ubude 15-20 cm, ziklabe iqala enkundleni kakolweni. Uma unyaka ozayo ngensimu efanayo sihlelelwe ukuqoqa imbewu, ziklabe wayeka ngoba iyinkathi yezinguquko simila e ngamapayipi. Kwezinye izingxenye kakolweni zaseMelika nihlwanyelwe izitshalo ebusika imidumba naphambi zom ugunda ngoba silage kanye hay.

ukucutshungulwa

Ukolweni okusanhlamvu has a igobolondo sinombala ukuthi lapho ukugaya unika bran abacebile amaprotheni, amavithamini kanye cellulose. Ngaphansi isembozo elise aleurone ungqimba ehlanganisa elimbudumbudu emihle. Embryo elele phansi okusanhlamvu, ecebile amafutha, amaphrotheni kanye izinto amaminerali. Yonke enye into - mncane-ifilimu amaseli endosperm, zazo zigcwele isitashi okusanhlamvu kanye gluten inhlama odlulisela viscosity.

Phakathi ukugaya - ukusebenza phezu kokuthola ufulawa kakolweni, inkinga iba khona ihlukane isitashi gluten kusuka nezinye izingxenye okusanhlamvu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngenxa ufulawa igciwane liba okunamathelayo futhi ngokushesha mnyama, kodwa ngenxa ungqimba aleurone ke Uthola tint sinombala. Ukuhlanzwa kwakhiwa ufulawa Millers Ukusingathwa - bran futhi bran esihle (Muchka). Babeneminyaka kusuka 15 kuya 18% ngesisindo sezinti okusanhlamvu elicwengiwe.

izithako ufulawa

Ukolweni, izithombe zazo ngokuvamile limelelwa amaphakethe kafulawa, kuyinto okusanhlamvu kakhulu. Iqukethe semali amavithamini (B iqembu, choline, PP, E kanye H), kanye macro- futhi microelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, i-sodium, phosphorus, i-aluminiyamu, titanium, chlorine, nickel, ithini molybdenum, chromium, boron, i-zinc, selenium, nabanye). Ngakho, ukolweni, okuhle kanye umonakalo bekuyobhekwa njengento kancane ngezansi iqukethe cishe zonke izinto amaminerali ezidingekile impilo yomzimba womuntu.

ufulawa izinhlobo

Ufulawa libhekwa ku amamaki. Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo.

Amamaki aphakeme kakhulu. Kuyinto mhlophe futhi esetshenziselwa ukwenza ufulawa imikhiqizo ephakeme banga. Lesi sakamuva wamukela porosity esihle futhi umthamo omuhle. Ufulawa uphelele olungaqinile, imvubelo kanye inhlama.

ebangeni lokuqala. Kungaba kokubili mhlophe futhi aphuzi. Kuyinto kahle ngokwenza pancake, imiqulu, amakhekhe nezinye ngezimpahla nezitini. hhayi Kunconywa eliphezulu confectionery ebhikawozi imikhiqizo ufulawa ezinjalo.

Ibanga lesibili. Une-tinge ephuzi noma e-grey. Ikhiqiza amakhekhe amancane namaphutha. Sebenzisa ufulawa wesigaba sesibili ngokuyinhloko ngesinkwa esimhlophe kanye nezimpahla eziphekiwe. Ufulawa wesigaba sesibili esetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu ubhakwa ku-gingerbread namakhukhi.

Krupchatka. Ufulawa okhanyayo okhanyayo onamaphesenti amakhulu we gluten. Usetshenziselwa ukwenza inhlama yemvubelo eneshukela namafutha amaningi. Kufanelekile ukwenza ukwenziwa kwe-muffin.

Indwangu. Iqukethe izinhlayiyana ezincane, ezingenayo i-inhomogeneous. Unomthamo omkhulu wokumswakama kanye nekhono lokwenza ushukela. Isetshenziselwa ukupheka ikakhulukazi itafula lesinkwa.

Zuza futhi ulimale

Sithole kakade lokho okolweni. Uyini ufulawa, nathi siyazi. Ihlala nje kuphela ukuqonda izakhiwo eziwusizo futhi eziyingozi zalokhu ufulawa.

Ukhula lukhuthaza ukusheshisa kwe-metabolism, kuvuselela ubuchopho futhi kukhiqize i-estrogen, kuvikela uhlelo lwe-cardiovascular, kunciphisa ingozi ye-gallstones, futhi kunomthelela ekwelapheni kwe-osteoporosis kanye nesifo se-Alzheimer's. Izinto ezakhiwa ufulawa, unciphisa izinqubo zokuvuvukala emzimbeni womuntu, zivimbela ukwakheka kwama-radicals mahhala kulo, futhi zivikele kwezinye izifo ezithile. Umthamo usiza ekwelapheni i-bronchitis ne-asthma.

Ngokolweni, izinzuzo zazo ezingenakuphikwa, kunezinye izinto ezingenakwenzeka. Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwefulawa likakolweni kukhona okuqukethwe kwekhalori. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungakhuphula ukucindezeleka kwegazi futhi kubangele ukubhekana nokugula.

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