Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo emvelweni. Indima yezitshalo emvelweni

Zonke iziphilayo eziphilayo emhlabeni zihlukaniswe zibe amaselula kanye ne-noncellular, kuma-virus kuphela. Eyokuqala ihlukaniswe ngama-eukaryotes (lawo amangqamuzana ayenayo i-nucleus) ne-prokaryotes (ayikho i-nucleus, i-DNA ayinakho ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe). Lokhu kuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya. Futhi i-eukaryotes ihlukaniswe yonke imibuso eyaziwayo: izilwane, amakhowe, izitshalo. Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo emvelo kubaluleke kakhulu. Igatsha elihlola lezi ziphilayo libizwa ngokuthi i-botany. Lesi yisigaba sesayensi ezifana ne-biology. Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo empilweni yethu sizoxoxa ngakho kulesi sihloko.

Zihluke kanjani kwezinye izinto eziphilayo?

Okokuqala, sizocabangela ukuthi yikuphi umehluko emkhatsini wendawo yemvelo yezimila nabo bonke abanye. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yi-autotrophs, okungukuthi, bahlakulela izinto eziphilayo. Amaseli ezitshalo nawo anemibono ehlukene namaseli esilwane. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi banomdanso oqinile weselintshi olune-cellulose. Ezingqamuzaneni zezilwane, ngaphezu kwekhanda le- plasma, kune-glycocalyx elula equkethe ama-carbohydrate. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziningi ezingadingeki azikwazi ukususwa esitokisini ngokusebenzisa udonga oluqinile lwamaseli, kukhona ama-vacuoles lapho aqoqa khona. Amaseli amancane anama-organoids amaningi, futhi amancane. Ngemva kwesikhashana bahlangene nenye eyodwa enkulu ephakathi i-vacuole. Zinezici ezikhethekile zokuhlanganisa izinto ezidingekayo eziphilayo - lezi zi-chloroplast. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-plastids - ama-chromoplast kanye nama-leukoplast. Eyokuqala iqukethe i-pigments ekhethekile, okungenzeka, isibonelo, ukuheha izidakamizwa ezinambuzane ezimbali. E-leykoplasty ezinye izakhi zigcinwa, okokuqala yi-starch.

Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo emvelweni

Umsebenzi obaluleke kunawo wonke walezi zilwane uhlobene nokuzenzekela kwazo. Indima yezitshalo emvelweni ayikwazi ukugcizelela kakhulu, ngoba zisinika okuthile ngaphandle kwalokho esingeke sikwazi khona. Akumangalisi ukuthi kuthiwa amaphaphu eplanethi yethu. Indima yezitshalo endalweni ihlotshaniswa nenqubo ye-photosynthesis, lapho lezi zilwane zithola izakhi zazo. Le nqubo ihambisana nakho konke okuphilayo emhlabeni. Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo emvelweni kuwukuthi yizona eziwumthombo oyinhloko wezinto eziphilayo ezilwaneni, izilwane ezingenakuzikhiqiza, kanye nokuxhumanisa okuyinhloko kulayini lokudla. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezinomsoco zidla kulezi zilwane, izidumbu zidla ama-herbivores, njalonjalo.

Kuyini i-photosynthesis?

Kuyindlela yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali, lapho izinto eziphilayo zakhiwa kusuka ezintweni ezingavamile. Ukuze kusetshenziswe, isitshalo sidinga amanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide, kanye namandla alanga. Ngenxa yalokho, lo mzimba uthola i-glucose, edingekayo empilweni, kanye ne-oksijeni njengomkhiqizo okhishwa ngaphandle. Kungenxa yezitshalo esingahlala kuzo emhlabeni wethu, ngoba uma bekungekho, bekungeke kube khona umoya okwanele wokuba khona kwezilwane. Kulezo zikhathi zangaphambili, lapho ukuphila emhlabeni kwakuqala ukuvela, izinga le-oksijeni emkhathini lalingakafinyeleleki elilodwa noma amabili amaphesenti. Manje, ngenxa yomsebenzi wezitshalo zezinkulungwane zezigidi zeminyaka, umoya ngamaphesenti angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili aqukethe igesi elibalulekile lezilwane. Kwakuyimpilo yezitshalo zemvelo ezivumela yonke imibuso yezinto eziphilayo ukuba ivele (ngaphandle kwamagciwane nama-bacteria okwenzeka ekuqaleni).

Iyiphi inqubo ye-photosynthesis eyenzekayo?

Njengoba sesazi kakade ukuthi ukubaluleka kwezitshalo emvelweni kuphezu kwalo, sizoyicabangela ngokuningiliziwe.

Le nqubo ivela emaqabunga, okungukuthi engxenyeni eluhlaza. Kuhilela i-chlorophyll ye-pigment, eyenza izitshalo zibe nombala, kanye nama-enzyme - ama-catalysts engokwemvelo, okuvumela ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kokushisa okuphezulu. Ukuze i-photosynthesis, i-organoids yama-chloroplasts isabela, etholakala emaqenjini amaqabunga futhi ngaphansi kweziqu.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-chloroplast

Le organoid ingokwalabo abanekhanda elilodwa. I-chloroplasts ine-ribosomes yayo, edingekayo ukuze i-synthesis yamaprotheni ilandelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-matrix yale-organoid, ama-molecule e-DNA ayindilinga lapho ulwazi olulolu hlobo lwama-protein lulotshwe khona. I-starch ne-lipids ingase ibe khona lapha. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ze-chloroplast zingabizwa ngokuthi imifino, ehlanganisa ama-thylakoids ahlanganiswe emgqonyeni. Ku-thylakoids ukuthi inqubo ye-photosynthesis igxile kakhulu. Iqukethe i-chlorophyll nawo wonke ama-enzyme adingekayo.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali we-photosynthesis

Ingabhalwa ngokulingana okulandelayo: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2. Okusho ukuthi, uma lesi sitshalo sithola ama-moles ayisithupha e-carbon dioxide namanzi, sizokwazi ukukhiqiza imvukuzane eyodwa ye-glucose kanye nama-moles ayisithupha e-oksijeni, ezokhishwa emoyeni.

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo

Zonke izitshalo zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-unicellular and multicellular. Owokuqala uhlanganisa u-algae, njenge-chlamydomonas, i-euglena nabanye. I-multicellular nayo ihlukaniswe ibe ephakeme futhi ephansi. Lezi zilandelayo zihlanganisa u-algae. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi abanalo izitho, umzimba wabo uboniswa i-thallus eqhubekayo, amangqamuzana awo angabonakali. I-algae ingahlukaniswa ibe eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-eluhlaza, obomvu nokubomvu. Zingasetshenziswa embonini, idliwe yizilwane zombili nabantu.

Izitshalo eziphakeme kunezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane. Okokuqala, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amabili amakhulu - i-spore ne-seminal. Owokuqala uhlanganisa ama-fern, ama-horsetails, ama-mosses nemihlambi. Umjikelezo wokuphila wabo bonke uqukethe izizukulwane ezimbili ezihlukene: i-sporophyte ne-gametophyte. Izitshalo zembewu zihlukaniswe zibe yi-gymnosperms (zifaka i-coniferous, i-ginkgo ne-sagovnikovye) nama-angiosperms, noma izitshalo zezimbali.

Phakathi kwalezi zinsuku, amaqembu amabili angabuye ahlukaniswe: i-monocotyledonous ne-dicotyledonous. Zihlukile ngokwenani lama-cotyledons (njengoba igama lisho, kungenzeka kube khona ababili noma omunye wabo). Zinehlukile phakathi kwesakhiwo, ngokubukeka ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe ukucacisa ukuthi isiphi isitshalo esithile esingokwakhe. Esikhathini sesimiso sesimiso se-urochovate esinqunyiwe, futhi ku-dicotyledonous - induku. Owokuqala abe nendawo efana nendawo noma i-arc yeqabunga, kanti lesibili siyi-mesh noma i-pinnate. Owokuqala uhlanganisa imindeni efana nezolimo, ama-orchids, i-Liliaceae, i-Amaryllis (enezingane ezincane ezingaphansi kwe-anyanisi), njll. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlukanisa imindeni: Nightshade, Rosaceae, Cruciferae (Iklabishi), Magnoliaceae, Nut, Bukovye nabanye abaningi. Yonke i-angiosperms inekhono lokuqhakaza, ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yabo eyisisekelo, lezi zitshalo nazo zenza ubuhle.

Isiphetho

Ngemuva kokufunda lesi sihloko, singaphetha ngokuthi izitshalo zidlala indima enkulu emvelweni, ngaphandle kwabo kube khona ukuphila emhlabeni kanye nathi futhi akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa nokulondolozwa kwehlathi eliyigugu, elihlanza umoya wethu futhi lisinike umoya odingekayo empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo ziyisisekelo sesisekelo sokudla kwesilwane, futhi uma sinyamalala, leli qembu lezinto eziphilayo ngeke nje likwazi ukuthola izinto eziphilayo.