Ukubulala eSrebrenica ngo-1995: izizathu

Ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995 kwaba esinye seziqephu ezidume kakhulu zezimpi zaseBosnia. Ngesinqumo seZizwe Ezihlangene, leli dolobha labizwa ngokuthi indawo yokuphepha, lapho izakhamizi zingalinda ngokuthula ukuchitha igazi. Eminyakeni emibili, izinkulungwane zamaBosnia zathuthela eSrebrenica. Lapho ithathwa amaSerbia, ibutho labulala abantu. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, phakathi kuka-7 000 no-8 000 baseBosnia bafa, ikakhulukazi abafana, amadoda nabantu abadala. Kamuva, inkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe yaqaphela lezi zenzakalo njengesenzo sokuqothulwa kohlanga.

Okudingekayo

Ukubulawa kwezizwe kwakungavamile empini yaseBosnia. Ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica kwaba ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kwalesi simo sengqondo sabaphikisi abaphikisanayo. Ngo-1993, umuzi wawuhlala ibutho laseBosnia, elawulwa nguNasser Oric. Ngakho kwakukhona i-enclave yase-Srebrenica - indawo encane elawulwa amaSulumane, kodwa egcwele indawo yeRubublika Srpska.

Ngakho abaseBosnia baqala ukuhlaselwa ngezijeziso ezindaweni zokuhlala. Phakathi nokuhlaselwa, kwabulawa amaSerbia amaningi. Konke lokhu kwenezela umlilo emlilweni. Amabutho amabili aphikisanayo ayezondana futhi ayekulungele ukuthukuthelisa abantu. Ngo-1992 - 1993 iminyaka. AmaBosnia ashisa amadolobhana aseSerbia. Izindawo ezingaba ngu-50 zabhujiswa.

Ngo-March 1993, iSrebrenica yayinakekelwa i-UN. Inhlangano yamemezela leli dolobha indawo yokuphepha. Abalindi bezokuthula baseDutch baziswa lapho. Kubo, kwakukhona isisekelo esihlukile, esaba yindawo ephephile kunazozonke amakhilomitha amaningi azungezile. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-enclave empeleni yayivinjezelwe. "Amakilabhu Aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" akakwazanga ukubhekana nesimo esifundeni. Izenzakalo eSrebrenica ngo-1995 zenzeke lapho iButho laseBosnia lanikela khona umuzi nezindawo ezizungezile, kwashiya abantu bendawo bebodwa namabutho aseSerbia.

Ukuthunjwa kweSrebrenica ngamaSerbia

Ngo-July 1995, i-Army of the Republika Srpska yaqala ukusebenza ukuze kutholakale ukulawulwa kweSrebrenica. Ukuhlaselwa kwaqhutshwa amabutho kaDkt. Corps. AmaDutch cishe azange azame ukumisa amaSerbia. Konke okwenzayo kwakudubula phezu kwamakhanda abaphikisi ukuze babesabise. Amasosha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ahlanganyela kulokhu kuhlaselwa. Baqhubeka nokuthuthela eSrebrenica, yingakho abalindi bezokuthula banquma ukuphuma endaweni yabo. Ngokungafani namandla e-UN, ukuhamba kwe-NATO ukuzama ukugoqa amathangi aseSerbia. Ngemuva kwalokho, abahlaseli babesongela ukuthi bazoqhubeka nokuthula kancane kancane. Ukubambisana kweNorth Atlantic kunqume ukuthi kungasaphazamisi isikhathi eside ngokusulwa kwe-enclave yaseBosnia.

NgoJulayi 11 edolobheni lasePotočari abangaba ngu-20 000 ababaleki abahlangene eduze kwezindonga zamasosha ezingosihlalo bezokuthula. Ukuhlatshwa eSrebrenica akuzange kuthinte labo baseBosniak abambalwa abakwazi ukuphululela emkhakheni ovikelwe. Azikho izindawo ezanele. Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela ababalekela. Okunye, ukulinda amaSerbia, kwadingeka kufihlwe emasimini azungezile namafemu ashiywe.

Iziphathimandla zaseBosnia zaqonda ukuthi ngokufika kwesitha i-enclave izophela. Ngakho-ke, ubuholi bukaSrebrenica bakhetha ukususa izakhamuzi eTuzla. Le mishini yabelwa ukuhlukana kwe-28. Kwaba nabasebenzi abayizinkulungwane ezingu-5 000, ababaleki abangaphezu kuka-15 000, abasebenzi basezibhedlela, abaphathi bezindawo, njll. NgoJulayi 12, leli kholomu lahlaselwa. Phakathi kweSerbia nebutho laseBosnia, kwavela impi. Abahlali babalekela. Kamuva kwadingeka benze indlela yabo eya eTuzla. Laba bantu babengahlomile. Bazama ukugwema imigwaqo, ukuze bangahambi emigwaqweni yaseSerbia. Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, ngaphambi kokubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica, abantu abangaba ngu-5 000 bakwazi ukubalekela eTuzla.

Ukubulala

Lapho i-Army yaseRubublika Srpska iqala ukulawula phezu kwe-enclave, amasosha aqala ukudubula okukhulu kweBosniaks, owayengazange abalekele ezindaweni eziphephile. Ukuhlambalaza kudlule izinsuku eziningana. AmaSerbia ahlukanisa amadoda aseBosnia abe ngamaqembu, ngasinye esathunyelwa ekamelweni elihlukile.

Ukudubula kokuqala kwezimbili kwenzeka ngoJulayi 13. AmaBosnia athathwe esigodini soMfula iKerski, lapho kubulawa khona abantu abaningi. Futhi, ukubulawa kuyenzeka ezinqolobaneni ezinkulu zendawo yokubambisana kwezolimo. AmaSulumane, alinde ukufa okuseduze, athunjwa ngaphandle kokudla. Banikezwa amanzi amancane kuphela ukuze basekele ukuphila kuze kube yilapho sekubulawa. Ukushisa kweJulayi namahholo amakhulu asezindaweni ezilahliwe ziye zaba yindawo enhle kakhulu yezimo ezingahlanzekile.

Ekuqaleni izidumbu zaphonswa emigodini. Khona-ke lezi zikhulu zaqala ukubeka lezi zixhobo ngokukhethekile ukuba zithathe izidumbu ezindaweni ezilungiselelwe ngokukhethekile, lapho amathuna amakhulu amakhulu ayegubha khona. Amasosha ayefuna ukufihla amacala abo. Kodwa ngezinga elinjalo lobubi, babengakwazi ukufihla ngokwanele ukuze baphume emanzini. Abaphenyi bamuva baqoqa ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi bahlaselwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufakazwe ubufakazi obuningi bofakazi.

Ukuqhubeka kokubulawa kwabantu

Kubulawe, hhayi kuphela izibhamu ezisetshenzisiwe, kodwa futhi nezibhamu, ezazigcwele izindlu ezigcwele amabutho aseBenniaks. Abaphenyi abazitholakala kulezi zindawo zokugcina impahla basala igazi, izinwele kanye neziqhumane. Ukuhlaziywa kwazo zonke lezi maqiniso kwavumela ukuhlonza ezinye izisulu, uhlobo lwezikhali ezisetshenziswayo, njalonjalo.

Abantu babanjwa emasimini nasemigwaqweni. Uma amaSerbia ayeka amabhasi nababaleki, athatha wonke amadoda lawo. Abesifazane banenhlanhla. Abameli be-UN baqala ukuxoxisana namaSerbia futhi babagqugquzela ukuthi bathunyelwe kusukela e-enclave. Kusuka eSrebrenica, abesifazane abayizinkulungwane ezingu-25 bahamba.

Indlu yokubulala yaseSrebrenica yayiyingozi enkulu kunazo zonke abantu baseYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Kwakukhona abaningi abafile ukuthi ukungcwatshwa kwabo kwatholakala eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2007, ithuna elivamile lamaBosniaks latholakala ngengozi, lapho izidumbu ezingaphezu kuka-600 zahlala khona.

Isibopho sobuholi beRepublika Srpska

Zenzeka kanjani izenzakalo eSrebrenica ngo-1995? Kwaphela izinsuku eziningana edolobheni kwakungekho ababukeli bamazwe ngamazwe. Kungenzeka okungenani baphinde bahlaziye ulwazi mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni wonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amahemuhemu okuphindaphindiwe aqala ukuvuza ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kwalesi sigameko. Akekho owaziyo izinga lokubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica. Izizathu zalokhu kwaba ukuvikelwa okuqondile kwezigebengu yiziphathimandla zeRubublika Srpska.

Lapho izimpi zaseYugoslav seziphelile, amazwe aseNtshonalanga abeka isimo seBelgrade sokukhipha uRadovan Karadzic enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe. Wayengumongameli weRubublika Srpska nomlawuli oyinhloko yamaphoyisa, ngenxa yokuthi ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica kwaqala. Isithombe salo muntu safika njalo emakhasini amaphephandaba asentshonalanga. Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana naye wamenyezelwa umklomelo omkhulu wezigidigidi zamaRandi ayizigidi.

UKaradzic wabanjwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Kwaphela iminyaka engaba ngu-10 wayehlala eBelgrade, eshintsha igama lakhe nokubukeka kwakhe. Lowo owayengumbusazwe wezombusazwe kanye nempi wabamba indlu encane ku-Yuri Gagarin Street futhi wasebenza njengodokotela. Izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zakwazi ukubalekela kumbaleki kuphela ngenxa yekholi esuka kumakhelwane abadingisiwe. I-Belgrade yacebisa ukuthi ibheke okungafihlekile ngenxa yokufana kwakhe okusolakala ngeKaradzic. Ngo-2016, ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-40 ejele ngezinsolo zokuhlelwa kwesibindi ngokuthula kwabantu baseBosnia kanye nezinye izigebengu zempi.

Ukulahla ubugebengu

Ezinsukwini zokuqala emva kwenkathazo, ubuholi bamaSerbia aseBosnia babenqabe iqiniso lokubulawa okukhulu. Yathumela ikhomishini, okwakuzophenya izenzakalo eSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995. Embikweni wakhe, wakhuluma ngePOWs eyikhulu efile.

Khona-ke uhulumeni waseKaradzic waqala ukunamathela enkambisweni yokuthi ibutho laseBosnia lazama ukungena kulo lonke elaseTuzla. Izidumbu zalabo abafa kulezi zimpi zaphikisana nabaphikisi baseSerbia njengobufakazi bokuthi "uhlanga". Ukubulawa eSrebrenica ngo-1995 yiRepublika Srpska akuzange kubonwe. Ukuphenywa okusemthethweni esakhiweni sezenzakalo kwaqala kuphela ngemva kokuphela kwempi yaseBosnia. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, i-enclave yaqhubeka ilawulwa yi-separatists.

Nakuba ukubulawa eSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995 kwalahlwa yiziphathimandla zaseSerbia, umengameli wamanje kulelizwe wenqaba ukuqaphela ukuthi kwenzekani njengohlanga. Ngokusho kukaTomislav Nikolic, uhulumeni kumele athole izigebengu futhi ajezise. Kodwa-ke, ukholelwa ukuthi amagama athi "uhlanga" angeke alungile. EBelgrade, bahlanganyela ngokubambisana ne- International Tribunal. Ukukhishwa kwezigebengu enkantolo eThe Hague kungenye yezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufakwa kweSerbia e-European Union. Inkinga yokuhlanganiswa kwaleli zwe "emndenini" ovamile we-Old World ihlala ingaphendululwa iminyaka eminingana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iCroatia eyomakhelwane yajoyina i-EU ngo-2013, nakuba yayithinteka kakhulu izimpi zaseBalkan kanye nokuqothulwa kwegazi.

Impikiswano yezombusazwe

Ukubulawa okubuhlungu eSrebrenica ngo-1995 kwaba nemiphumela yezombangazwe ngqo. Ukuqothulwa kwendawo yiSerbs, eyayilawulwa yi-UN, iholele ekuqaleni kwe-NATO ukuqhuma eBubublika Srpska. Ukungenela kweNorth Atlantic Alliance kwashesha ukuphela kwempi. Ngo-1996, amaBosnia, amaSerbia namaCroatia asayina ama-Dayton Agrements, aqeda impi yegazi yaseBosnia.

Nakuba ukubulawa eSrebrenica ngo-1995 kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule, ama-echoes alezo zenzakalo asasetshenziswa emazweni ezombangazwe. Ngo-2015, kwaba khona umhlangano weMkhandlu wezokuPhepha we-UN, lapho isinqumo esinqunyiwe esibhekene nenhlekelele e-enclave yaseBosnia kwakucatshangwa. IBrithani enkulu yanikeza ukuhlonipha ukubulawa kwabantu kwamaSulumane njengenhlanga. Lesi sinyathelo sisekelwa yi-United States neFrance. I-China yayeka. I-Russia yaphikisana nesinqumo futhi yavusa. Abameli be-Kremlin e-UN bachaze lesi sinqumo ngokuthi ukuhlolwa okubukhali kwezenzakalo zaseBosnia kungaholela eminye imibhikisho ye-interethnic emazweni aseBalkans namuhla. Noma kunjalo, igama elithi "uhlanga" luyaqhubeka lisetshenziswe kwezinye izimo (isibonelo, e-Tribunal yeHague).

Srebrenica emva kwempi

Ngo-2003, umongameli wase-United States ngo-1993 - 2001, UBill Clinton ngokwakhe wafika eSrebrenica ukuvula isikhumbuzo kwalabo abahlukunyezwa ngamacala empi. Nguye owenza izinqumo phakathi nezimpi zaseBalkans. Njalo izinkulungwane zamaBosnia zivakashela isikhumbuzo - izihlobo zabantu abafile nabalimala nabalula. Ngisho nalabo abahlali bezwe abangazange baphathwe ngokuqondile nokubulawa kwabantu baqonde futhi baqonda ukuphazamiseka kwempi. Ukungqubuzana kwegazi kwaqeda yonke indawo yaseBosnia ngaphandle kokunye. Ukuhlatshwa eSrebrenica ngoJulayi 1995 kwaqala ukuba yilokho okwakubangelwa khona.

Leli dolobha lalinalo igama ngenxa yezindleko zamaminerali zendawo. Ngisho namaRoma asendulo awazi ngesiliva lapha. I-Bosnia ibilokhu iyizwe elihluphekile kanye nezindlebe (ngaphansi kweHabsburgs, eMbusweni wase-Ottoman, njll). I-Srebrenica kuye iminyaka eminengi yayisihlala enye yezinto ezifanelwe impilo yokunethezeka yamadolobha. Ngemva kwempi yombango, cishe bonke abahlali (bobabili baseBosnia nabaseSerbia) bashiya lesi sifundazwe.

Ukulingwa kwezigebengu

I-International Tribunal isungule ukuthi uGeneral Ratko Mladic waba ngumuntu owagunyaza ukubulawa kwabantu. Kakade ngoJulayi 1995, wasolwa ngokuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu. Onembeza wakhe kwakungekhona kuphela izenzakalo eSrebrenica ngo-1995, kodwa futhi nokuvinjelwa kwenhloko-dolobha yaseBosnia, ukuthunjwa kwabantu abasebenza e-UN, njalonjalo.

Ekuqaleni lo mphakathi wayehlala ngokuthula eSerbia, engazange ibuyele emkhosini wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi umbuso waseMilosevic uchithwa, uMladic wayefanele azifihle futhi aphile lapho egijima. Amaphoyisa ambopha kuphela ngo-2011. Isivivinyo somphakathi sisalindile. Le nqubo yenzeke ngokufakazelwa kwamanye amaSerbia ngokufaka isandla ekubulaleni. Kwakungenxa kaMladic ukuthi yonke imibiko yephoyisa iphelile, lapho imibiko ibike khona mayelana nokubulawa kweBosniaks kanye nokungcwaba kwabo.

Izindawo ezikhethwe ngokujwayelekile lapho amathuna amakhulu amakhulu avuliwe khona. Abaphenyi bathola amathuna amaningana. Zonke zazingezwanika eduze kweSrebrenica. Amakhansela agibela i-enclave yangaphambili hhayi kuphela ehlobo, kodwa nasekwindla ka-1995.

Ukwamukelwa kwecala

Ngaphandle kweMladic, amasosha amaningi aseMpike yaseRubublika Srpska asolwa ngamacala eSrebrenica. Owokuqala ngo-1996, isigwebo sakhe etilongweni kwakuyi-mercenary u-Drazhen Erdemovich. Wanikeza ubufakazi obuningi, okwenziwa uphenyo oluqhubekayo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukuboshwa kwamaphoyisa aseSerbia asezingeni eliphakeme - uRadislav Krstic nomngane wakhe. Umthwalo wawungewona nje umuntu siqu. Ngo-2003, iziphathimandla ezintsha zeRubublika Srpska, ingxenye yeBosnia neHerzegovina, zavuma icala lokubulala kwabantu baseBosnia abanokuthula. Phakathi neminyaka engu-90 impi namaSulumane ibanjwe ngokuhlanganyela okubambisene kweBelgrade. ISerbia ezimele ebhekene nephalamende yayo ngo-2010 nayo yalahla ukubulawa kwabantu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inkantolo yaseHague ayizange ihambe ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokuqashwa kwabalindi bezokuthula baseDutch, esezansi eduze nendawo yokuchitha igazi. UColonel Carremants usolwa ngokukhipha i-extraditing ingxenye yababaleki baseBosnia, azi ukuthi amaSerbia azobabulala. Emashumini amabili eminyaka yenqubo engapheli kanye nezikhathi zenkantolo, ubufakazi obubalulekile bobugebengu obunzima buqoqwe. Isibonelo, ngo-2005, ngokusebenzisa ukusesha kwamalungelo okuvikela amalungelo abantu baseSerbian, ividiyo yatholakala futhi ishicilelwe, eyabhala amaqiniso okudubula.