Ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi welanga: ubuchwepheshe kanye nemishini

Isintu ivame ukushintshela imithombo ukunikezela ngogesi ukusiza ukugcina indawo ihlanzekile futhi ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza amandla. Ukukhiqizwa ibhethri solar iyona izindlela yezimboni zanamuhla. Uhlelo ugesi kufaka ukukhanya solar abamukelayo, amabhethri, control unit, inverters namanye amadivayisi senzelwe imisebenzi ethile.

Iseli solar iyona element main oqala ekuqongeleleni kanye nenguquko eneji imisebe. Ezweni lanamuhla umthengi lapho ekhetha iphaneli, zikhona izingibe eziningi, njengoba umkhakha inikeza inqwaba imikhiqizo babeqoqana ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa.

amaseli Silicon solar

Le mikhiqizo lidumile abathengi lanamuhla. Ngesisekelo ukukhiqizwa babo abafakanga silicon. Amasheya ekujuleni ukukhiqizwa okwandile ayibizi kakhulu. Silicon amaseli qhathanisa kahle nge ekugcineni lizinga lekuphumelela yezinye amabhethri elangeni.

izinhlobo izinto

Ukukhiqizwa nama-solar eyenziwe Silicon Kwenziwa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• monocrystalline;
• polycrystalline;
• amorphous.

Timo letehlukene amadivaysi ngenhla indlela ama-athomu Silicon ahlelwe crystal. Umehluko omkhulu iba ingxenye izakhi ezahlukene esebenza ukuguqulela amandla okukhanya okuyinto izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala cishe ezingeni elifanayo futhi uphakeme kunesakhiwo amagugu amadivayisi we-silicon amorphous.

namuhla embonini inikeza onobuhle eziningana kwama-solar yokukhanya. Umehluko phakathi kwabo ukuthi eminye imisakazo ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla nama-solar. Kufeza indima uhlobo yokukhiqiza amasu kanye ukuqala izinto.

uhlobo monocrystalline

Lezi zici aqukethe Silicon amaseli axhumene. Ngu indlela Czochralski usosayensi othile wenza Silicon okumsulwa ngokuphelele, okuyinto eyenziwe zinhlayiya olulodwa. Inqubo esilandelayo ahlabayo we-semi eqandisiwe futhi eqina ku ukushuba ipuleti microns 250 kuya ku-300. izingqimba Izacile ayegcwele anezikhala metal electrode. Naphezu zibiza kakhulu ukukhiqizwa, izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi kabanzi ngenxa izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuguqulwa (17-22%).

Ukwenza izakhi polycrystalline

ubuchwepheshe Solar ukukhiqizwa polycrystalline ukuthi oncibilikisiwe Silicon mass kancane kancane selehlile. Ukukhiqizwa akudingi izimpahla ezibizayo, Ngakho-ke, ukuze bathole Silicon izindleko ziyancipha. oshayelayo Polycrystalline solar abe Coefficient encane kahle (11-18%), ngokungafani kuya crystal olulodwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo lwaluyophola mass Silicon elicwile Amagwebu ka kungabukeki, kuphumele kwalungiswa izinkunga zokubona okwengeziwe ray.

Tincenye Silicon amorphous

Umkhiqizo sibhekisela ohlotsheni oluthile, njengoba basonta uhlobo Silicon livela egameni ezisetshenziswa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana solar wenziwa amadivayisi film ubuchwepheshe. Crystal e senqubo yokukhiqiza unika indlela eya Silicon Silon hydrogen noma ungqimba elincanyana ohlanganisa substrate. Amabhethri abe aphansi kahle ukubaluleka, kufika ku-6%. Elements ngaphakathi spite of ethile ukuba eziningi eziwusizo ebadalela kwesokudla emgqeni ngezinhlobo oshiwo ngenhla:

• optical ukumuncwa ukubaluleka ngenhla izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili kunalokho esisodwa crystal futhi polycrystalline ngemoto;
• It has a ukushuba okungenani ungqimba 1 Micron;
• sezulu Liguqubele akuphazamisi umsebenzi nokuguqula umhlaba, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo;
• ngenxa izinga eliphezulu amandla eguqa sisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezindaweni okunzima.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu ngenhla echazwe ka converters solar kulekelelwa imikhiqizo hybrid ngezinto kokuba izakhiwo ezimbili. Lezi zimo zokuma siyithola uma micronutrients zifakwe nanoparticles noma Silicon amorphous. Indaba okuholela yayifana polycrystalline Silicon, kodwa kahle nalo izinkomba entsha yezobuchwepheshe.

izinto zokusetshenziswa for nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana solar wefilimu-uhlobo CdTe

Kukhethwa nto isuke ibangelwa isidingo ukunciphisa izindleko yokukhiqiza kanye ukwandisa izici lobuchwepheshe ukusebenza. I esetshenziswa njalo kunazo ukukhanya-iyavuleka cadmium telluride. In the 70s kwekhulu elidlule CdTe ayebhekwa Olwa esiyinhloko ukusetshenziswa isikhala umkhakha yesimanje, it is kabanzi amandla elangeni.

Le nto labizwa ngokuthi ubuthi ezuziwe, ngakho musa ukubohla mpikiswano harmfulness yayo. Ukucwaninga kososayensi batholé ukuthi ezingeni izinto eziyingozi adedelwa emkhathini, isebenza futhi akulimazi kwemvelo. Ukuphumelela izinga% 11 kuphela, kodwa izindleko zikagesi kusukela amaseli ezifana isimo ngokwenziwa 20-30% leliphasi kunaleyo amadivaysi Silicon hlobo.

Nokubaliwe imisebe esuka selenium, nethusi indium

Semiconductors kule divayisi ithusi, selenium futhi indium, ngezinye izikhathi avunyelwe esikhundleni salokhu kwamuva phezu gallium. Lokhu kungenxa ukufuneka kakhulu ukwenziwa indium ngabaqaphi hlobo flat. Ngakho-ke, lokhu esikhundleni ezikhethiwe samuntu, kusukela izinto babe izakhiwo efanayo. Kodwa irekhodi nekusebenta esikhundleni idlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni iseli welanga ngaphandle gallium kwandisa ukusebenza kahle idivayisi ngo-14%.

Sun Bangababambi polymer ezisekelwe

Lezi zici ezihlobene ubuchwepheshe abasha, njengoba usanda bavele emakethe. Of Semiconductors organic adonse ukukhanya ngoba iguqulwe ibe amandla kagesi. Ukuze ukusetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa fullerenes carbon iqembu, polyphenylene, ithusi phthalocyanine, nabanye. Umphumela uba mncane (100 nm) kanye ifilimu nezimo ezenza leli Coefficient nekusebenta 5-7%. I lincane, kodwa nokukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana nezimo solar sinezici eziningana ezinhle:

• womshini engachithwanga imali eningi;
• ikhono ukufaka amabhethri emkhakheni egoba nezimo, lapho Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kubaluleke kakhulu;
• kalula ngokuqhathanisa nokutholakala ukufakwa;
• ibhethri Nezimo akukho imiphumela eyingozi emvelweni.

etching Chemical e senqubo yokukhiqiza

Eqolo ibhethri solar kuyinto multicrystalline noma monocrystalline Silicon ipuleti. Ukuze yenze kahle Silicon ukusetshenziswa cut psevdokvadratnye izibalo, ukuma okufanayo ivumela obukhulu embhedeni ipuleti okukumoduli esilandelayo. Ngemva kwenqubo ahlabayo ukuhlala at ebusweni izingqimba ezincane ngobugebengu evele okuyinto bahlanza esebenzisa etching futhi texturing ukuthuthukisa yokwamukela ray sigameko.

Ebusweni aphathwe ngendlela efanayo limelela nemiyalezo ngokufanele microprism kubonakala kusukela izici lapho ukukhanya ushaya eceleni evele of ezinye projection. Ukuxega Inqubo ukuthungwa lembhali impahla liyancipha ngo-25%. Inqubo etching wasebenzisa uchungechunge acid futhi ane-alikhali zokwelapha, kodwa engamukeleki ukunciphisa kakhulu ukushuba ungqimba, ngoba ipuleti ayikwazi ukumelana ukucutshungulwa elandelayo.

Semiconductors e Solar

solar ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana egazi ubuchwepheshe kusikisela ukuthi Umqondo oyisisekelo electronics ngokuqinile kuyinto PN-okuhlangana kuyo. Uma omunye ipuleti sihlanganise conductivity electronic n-uhlobo p-uhlobo conductivity kuyinto p-hlobo, iphuzu contact phakathi kwabo kwenzeka PN-okuhlangana kuyo. I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingokwenyama yencazelo kuyinto ithuba lokukhonza njengesithiyo, futhi miss ugesi luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa. Kuyinto lo mphumela ikuvumela ukusungula ukusebenza agcwele nama-solar.

Ngenxa wali band okusheshayo ipuleti ekugcineni kwakhiwa n-uhlobo ungqimba, ogxile kobuso lesici a 0.5 microns ukujula. Ukwakha weseli solar ihlinzeka Ukungena engajulile abathwali zezibonakaliso okuphambene, okuyinto kuphakama ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhanya. Ngokuqinisekile indlela yabo ku ithonya endaweni PN-rockstar ifanele ibe mifitjhani, noma ukuthi bangakwazi ukukhokha imali off lapho behlangana bekhuluma, ngaleyo ndlela ngeke ukhiqize yisiphi isamba ugesi.

Ukusetshenziswa plasma-chemical etching

Ngo isakhiwo solar ibhethri enikezwe phambi kobuso Izinsimbi efakwe iveni wamanje kanye ohlangothini emuva, okuyinto oxhumana okuqhubekayo. Phakathi okusheshayo imihlola, i wesifunda kagesi phakathi izindiza ezimbili futhi idluliselwa kuze kube sekupheleni ubuso.

Ukuze ususe Ukuvalwa, imishini esetshenziselwa nama-solar, okuvumela ukukwenza ngosizo plasma-chemical, amakhemikhali etching, noma athutha, ngemisebe. indlela plasma kumakhemikhali okungenakugwenywa livame ukusetshenziswa. Etching wenziwa kanyekanye abangu embondelene Silicon amapuleti ndawonye. Umphumela inqubo kuncike isikhathi sokwelashwa, ukwakheka kusho ubukhulu izigcawu the ezibonakalayo, jet isiqondiso ion ukugeleza nezinye izinto.

Isicelo antireflection enamathela

Esebenzisa isicelo ukuthungwa ku ukubonakaliswa isici ebusweni kuyehla kube 11%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi omunye nje yeshumi ray kubonakala ebusweni hhayi ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kukagesi. Ukuze wehlise beshonelwe umntwana ngale ndlela kuze kube phambi ohlangothini isici is camera anokungena ezijulile pulses ukukhanya ngaphandle khomba them emuva. Ososayensi, ikhumbula imithetho yokukhanya, ukucacisa ukwakheka kanye ukushuba we ungqimba, ngakho zokukhiqiza ukufakwa kwe-ngakho-camera nama-solar ukunciphisa kuveza up 2%.

Imininingwane metallization ka ohlangothini front

I element ebusweni yakhelwe ukuncela lemali emisebeni kunqunywa imfuneko ukuthi izici ntathu nezobuchwepheshe kwensimbi isicelo. Ukukhetha ukuklanywa phambi onjiniyela isinqumo izinkinga amathonya amabili aphikisanayo. Ukunciphisa ukulahleka optical kwenzeka imigqa izacile futhi ilungiselelo yabo kude komunye nomunye. Ukwakha ibhethri elanga emikhulu usayizi anezikhala kuholela yokuthi ingxenye icala alinaso isikhathi ukufinyelela kanye contact kulahleka.

Ngakho-ke, ososayensi zilandele izilinganiso ezithile ukubaluleka ibanga kanye ukushuba umugqa metal ngamunye. emapheshana kakhulu ezondile evulekile phezu kobuso lwamalungu iyavuleka imisebe, kodwa hhayi ukuchitha eziningi zamanje. izindlela zesimanje ukusebenzisa metallization aqukethe e-stencil zokunyathelisa. Njengoba iningi impahla buyafaneleka esiliva-unamathisele. Ngenxa ukusetshenziswa isici kahle liyaphuma by 15-17%.

Metallization ohlangothini ezingemuva ithuluzi

metal lokunameka ohlangothini emuva zedivayisi kwenzeka emaqhingeni ezimbili, ngayinye yaba wenza umsebenzi wayo. Izacile ungqimba okuqhubekayo phezu bonke ubuso, ngaphandle kwabanye ukuvuleka sputtered aluminium kanye imbobo ligcwele udaka esiliva, edlala indima oxhumana naye. Solid aluminium ungqimba ukhonza njengelungu kudivayisi isibuko ohlangothini ezingemuva amacala khulula ukuthi ingase ilahleke e izibopho elengayo of crystalline ngehele. Nge enamathela enjalo 2% ngaphezulu solar panel usebenze ngamandla. Izibuyekezo Umthengi bathi lezi zinto kukhona okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi akusho kangaka ancike sezulu esinamafu.

Ukukhiqizwa solar panel ngezandla zabo

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Ukuthengwa photovoltaic kits self-inhlangano kungaba kwi-Internet ngenani izindawo ezihlukahlukene. value abo incike isibalo amapuleti esetshenziswa futhi umthamo. Ngokwesibonelo, ongaphakeme-amandla kits, kusukela Watts 63 kuya 76 emapuletini 36 kukhona ruble 2350-2560. ngokulandelana. Iphinde ukuthola umsebenzi izinto sinqunywe kusukela imigqa ukukhiqizwa nganoma yisiphi isizathu.

Lapho ukhetha uhlobo lokuguqulwa Photoelectric kufanele acabangele yokuthi amaseli polycrystalline kukhona livikela kakhulu sezulu esinamafu kanye nomsebenzi kulo iyashelela monocrystalline kodwa abe nokuphila emifushane. Monocrystalline ube nekghono ephakeme e sezulu welanga, futhi bayohlala isikhathi eside.

Ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa solar panel ekhaya, udinga ukubala umthwalo ingqikithi wonke amadivayisi uzobe amandla yi-inverter ngekusasa, futhi ukucacisa amandla zedivayisi. Ngakho inani lamaseli solar, ngenkathi kucatshangelwa engela kwephaneli. Abanye abaculi zihlanganisa kungenzeka izinguquko isikhundla uxhaso indiza, kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama ngenjikalanga futhi ebusika - kusukela ukushuba iqhwa.

Izinto ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ukwenza izindlu. Ngokuvamile aluminiyamu noma Sinike engagqwali emakhoneni esetshenziswa ipulangwe, kuyizinhlayiyana ibhodi nezinye. I esobala ingxenye wenziwe i ingilazi organic noma kwetayela. Sales kakade soldered nama-solar nge babashayeli ukuthenga ezifana kungcono njengoba lula inhlangano umsebenzi. Lezi zingqimba hhayi embondelene lomunye - ngezansi anganika microcracks. Solder futhi ecucuza isicelo ngaphambili. izakhi nokunamathisela ngomthofu kulula, okuwenza aqondane ngqo ohlangothini zokusebenza. Ekupheleni okwedlulele plate ashiselwe kuya busbars (babashayeli ebanzi), khona-ke okukhiphayo "lokususa" futhi "plus".

Ngemva lo msebenzi lihlolwe bese uphawu panel. amakhosi Foreign compounds asetshenziselwe le nhloso, kodwa ngempela eqolo ngoba izingcweti zethu. converters Homemade kokuvalelwa abicah, icala langasezantsi libe emuva camera nge ukuvenisha esekelwe acrylic.

Ekuphetheni kumelwe bathi ukubuyekezwa amakhosi abenze nama-solar ngezandla zabo, njalo omuhle. Uma uchitha imali ku yokukhiqiza kanye ukufakwa Transmitter, umndeni ngokushesha okukhulu okhokhela kubo bese eqala ukulondoloza ngokusebenzisa amandla khulula.