KumiswaIndaba

Ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1: History of Russia

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye baba uhlobo inkathi yokukhula ukunyakaza komphakathi Russian. Ngaleso sikhathi wabusa Nicholas mina (iminyaka 1825-1855). Phakathi nale nkathi, ekugcineni concretized isikhundla emakamu zezombusazwe ethandwa kakhulu. Kwakheka imfundiso yokuziphendukela monarchical, futhi kukhona ukunyakaza ovulekile. abaholi Circle imikhiqizo wamavukelambuso yandisa kakhulu.

ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1 goodbye kuya nefilosofi fashion imfundo njengoba ngesisekelo imibono yabantu. Woza Hegelianism kuqala futhi Schellingism. Yiqiniso, lokhu kusikisela German Kwasetshenziswa, ikhumbula izici of isimo Russian yokucabanga. Abavukeli hhayi kuphela kahle socialism nakancane, owayevela eYurophu, kodwa futhi ukubeka phambili umqondo wakhe siqu komphakathi. Ukuzithela ngabandayo uhulumeni zale izitayela ezintsha kanye nempi yokulwa elibusayo imibuthano lenkululeko ukubonakaliswa eziphilayo umcabango kwaba ekwandeni, ukukhulula amabutho enobungozi futhi enamandla kakhulu.

ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1, nokuphila social

Njenganoma yimuphi indawo umcabango zezombusazwe, inkululeko yokucabanga eRussia libhekene ezicini ezithile ukuthi iyingqayizivele kule sikhathi. ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas mina, yasungulwa ngaphansi kombuso kobushiqela kunzima kakhulu, okuyinto wokufihla noma iyiphi umzamo bengasheshi ukuveza imibono yabo. Ukunyakaza iphutha kwaba nethonya Decembrists. Umqondo wabaholi lokuqala yizicukuthwane nebabayo, nakho kwabo okudabukisayo, lowo isandla Ezidumazayo, kodwa ngakolunye - waphefumulelwa ukuba uthole indlela entsha yokuthuthukisa umoya zefilosofi.

Kuthoma ngaqaphela ukuthi kubalulekile ukuheha uquqaba ezehlukene zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nabalimi, ngoba injongo eyinhloko zonke izitayela kwakungamadodana nokulingana wonke amakilasi. ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1 wethulwa ikakhulu ezicukuthwaneni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wajoyina kuye nabantu abavamile. Ngaleyo minyaka, kwakukhona kumiswa imisinga uhlobo olusha obelungekho. It Slavophiles, baseNtshonalanga futhi populists. ethandwa kakhulu kwaba inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ubuzwe olusemthethweni. Zonke imiqondo le angena kwezinkambiso nemigomo yeNhlangano liberalism, conservatism, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni nobuzwe.

Njengoba kungenzeka nenkululeko yokukhuluma esahambile, ukunyakaza social ngenkathi wokubusa Nicholas 1 isibe ifomu eyinhloko imibuthano. Abantu ngasese kuthiwa kwenziwa amalungiselelo indawo nesikhathi semihlangano, futhi ukugxumela umphakathi Kwakudingeka abize elilodwa noma kwenye nephasiwedi kushintsha njalo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kunangesikhathi inkathi edlule, ngiye ngazuza mdwebo, ubuciko kanye kwemibhalo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kukhona ubuhlobo ecacile kwamandla namasiko.

umthelela omkhulu umcabango yezenhlalakahle wayeyisazi sefilosofi isiJalimane, Hegel, Fichte futhi Schelling. Zaba okhokho Amathrendi eminingi yezombangazwe e-Russia.

Izici zokuphila yezenhlalakahle 30-50-yalolucwaningo yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye

Uma sicabangela isikhathi esinikeziwe, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngemva izenzakalo 14 Disemba 1825 kwaba namandla obuhlakani kakhulu buthaka. Ngemva ukubhuqwa we Decembrists ukunyakaza komphakathi eRussia ngaphansi Nicholas 1 wacishe wama. Zonke umbala nezazi Russian ukuthi noma ubhujiswe noma sithunyelwe eSiberia. lezi ziyingi wokuqala enyuvesi, okuyinto eqoqelwe ndawonye esizukulwaneni esisha ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi kuphela yaqala ukubonakala. Kulapho-ke baba Schellingism ethandwa kakhudlwana.

Izimbangela ukunyakaza komphakathi

Njenganoma yimuphi ukunyakaza komphakathi kulesi siqondiso wayenezizathu zalo ezinhle. Kwakumelwe ukwenqena we iziphathimandla ukuba zamukele ukuthi izikhathi sezishintshile futhi kakade ayikwazi yima, kanye ukucwaninga esiqinile futhi nokucindezela iyiphi ukumelana, ngisho wazwakalisa ngokuthula.

izinkomba Main ukunyakaza

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Decembrists kanye nokwethulwa umbuso yokucindezelwa kwaholela kuphela ukusikhohlisa yesikhashana. ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1 nakakhulu wokhela ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Centres yentuthuko umcabango yefilosofi baqala Petersburg naseMoscow salon, izikhulu nezikhonzi amakilabhu, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, i-University of eMoscow kwasekuqaleni. Sekuthanda omagazini kuthandwa ezifana "Moskvityanin" futhi "Isimemezelo Europe". ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1 kwadingeka amagatsha abathathu abahlukene futhi ahlukaniswe. Lokhu conservatism, liberalism futhi radicalism.

olandelanayo

ukunyakaza komphakathi ngesikhathi kubusa Nicholas 1 kwakuhambisana nezinga ukuthuthukiswa eziningi zezombusazwe nezenhlalo. Conservatism ezweni lethu yayisekelwe mbono autocratic futhi bayakudinga ukubusa kanzima. Futhi wagcizelela ukubaluleka serfdom. Lezi imibono kwavela eminyaka 16-17 futhi yayina kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Special umsindo conservatism aluthola lapho West ngokumelene absolutism yacishe isiqedile. Ngakho, Karamzin wabhala ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga kufanele kube inviolable.

Kwakuvamile kakhulu ngemva ukubhuqwa we Decembrists.
Ukuze anikeze isimo conservatism ngemibono Ushakov igrafu (wezemfundo ngalesosikhathi) ithuthukiswe imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubuzwe olusemthethweni. It neyaziwayo sovereignty of ifomu kungenzeka elungile kuphela uhulumeni waseRussia. Serfdom kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso iyisibusiso abantu futhi izwe lonke. Kusukela yonke le ndaba yisiphelo sesimiso yemvelo ukuthi akukho zinguquko futhi kugucuka akuzona kudingekile. Lo mbono uye kwagxekwa kakhulu abukhali phakathi nezihlakaniphi. oppositionists oshisekayo waqala P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin nabanye.

isiqondiso ovulekile

Phakathi 30-40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu le-19, wazalwa Umkhuba omusha eliye laba okuphambene conservatism. Liberalism ukuthi kunemibandela ihlukaniswe amakamu amabili: Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga. Ideologists wokuqala isiqondiso futhi steel I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin nabanye. Phakathi baseNtshonalanga eqondisa kungenziwa ngokuthi ezifana jurists ezihlukile nezazi zefilosofi njengoba B. Botkin, i-PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Zombili lezi zindawo bahlanganiswe isifiso ukubona Russia njengoba zanamuhla futhi baphucukile etinhlotjeni letehlukene amazwe aseYurophu. Abameleli lezinhlangano kubhekwe kunesidingo ukuthi ukuqedwa serfdom kanye nokwabiwa abalimi neziqinti komhlaba, ukwethulwa amakhosi ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo , kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ukwesaba ekujezisweni, futhi baseNtshonalanga, futhi Slavophiles babenethemba lokuthi uhulumeni ngokwayo ngeke lezi zinguquko.

Izici ezimbili imisinga ye liberalism

Yiqiniso, kule mikhuba, nabo bebekhona umehluko. Ngakho, Slavophils wanika ukubaluleka ngokweqile ukuthi singobani abantu Russian. Babebheka ifomu ekahle uhulumeni izisekelo zangaphambi Petrine. Khona-ke Zemsky Sobor unolwazi nentando inkosi abantu, futhi phakathi kwabanini bomhlaba kanye abalimi Kwamiswa kahle ubudlelwano. Slavophiles ngikholelwa ukuthi abantu Russian Ngokwemvelo umoya collectivism, kuyilapho eNtshonalanga, wokuziqambela ebusa. Balwa izithombe ngokungakhethi ukuze Amathrendi European.

ukunyakaza komphakathi ngaphansi Nicholas mina, wethulwe kanye baseNtshonalanga ngubani, kunalokho, bakholelwa ukuthi kudingeka sifunde kusukela imikhuba engcono eenarheni ezithuthukako. Bona wagxeka Slavophiles, ethi Russia lags ngemuva Europe ngezindlela eziningi futhi kufanele uyibambe ukushesha. I okuwukuphela kwendlela imfundo ayebheka imfundo.

ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso

Imibuthano elincane uvele eMoscow, lapho, ngokungafani kuya enyakatho dolobha, lobunhloli, emalungelo ekucwaninga okulahla awazange athuthukile kanye. amalungu abo asekelwe umqondo Decembrists futhi ngokujulile wabandakanyeka kudlame phezu kwabo. Bona amapheshana kanye cartoon inkululeko abathanda. Ngakho, ngosuku wokugcotshwa Nicholas abameleli engumKrethe abazalwane mug ehlakazekile yonkana Red Square amapheshana sinxusa abantu ukuba inkululeko. Abashisekeli lenhlangano laboshwa iminyaka 10 ebhadla ejele, futhi ngemva zibuthelwa empini ngempoqo.

Petrashevzy

Esikhathini 40s ukunyakaza komphakathi kwekhulu le-19 kwaphawulwa ukululama abalulekile. Yabuye yaqala kuphakama imibuthano yezombusazwe. Ngemva omunye abaholi babo, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, futhi wawubizwa ngokuthi i-. Imibuthano kuhlanganisiwe ezifana nosaziwayo njengoba F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, nokunye. D. Petrashevsky Circle walahla absolutism futhi ngalwela ukuthuthukiswa yelinyenti.

Umbuthano latholakala 1849, sasiba nengxenye uphenyo lwabantu abangaphezu kuka-120, iningi labo 21 bagwetshwa intambo.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.