Kumiswa, Indaba
Umlando yokuphathwa komphakathi eRussia
Umlando yokuphathwa komphakathi eRussia ihlanganisa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Sibheka isikhashana.
ukuphathwa komphakathi eRussia kwenzeka ngezikhathi Kievan Rus. Esikhathini yombuso wema isikhulu, naye owayekulelo uhlobo lwe Rurik. Kwamanye amadolobha obuswa izikhulu zamaKhosi. Kodwa Prince igunya lwalulinganiselwe emkhandlwini, okusho Kwakungeyona monarchist. Lapho isikhulu wafa, wonke ukuphatha isimo isitebhisi akhwela eyodwa isinyathelo up.
Isikhulu kwaba ukunikeza ukuphepha ngaphakathi, ukwenza imithetho, ukulawula eNkantolo eNkulu, wayebhekwa abaphathi. Futhi, wayenomthwalo wokusingatha noma sokuqoqa nokwakha squads. Population uncome polyude. Emadolobheni kwakukhona izikhulu ababebizelwe chislenniki. Babenza labantu elatholakala ngoba lemali okumele intela ikhokhwe. ubukhulu Ngasinye sasinobuso isimo yayo elinganiselwe yenhlangano kanye nokuphathwa. Kube uye wazakhela isihloko esisha, boyars, ngubani ngokuya eqala ukulwa amalungelo izikhulu. Umlando yokuphathwa komphakathi eRussia ithakazelisa kakhulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka 12-13 izikhulu ngokuvamile washintsha - izikhathi 68, futhi isikhulu kwaba isici esisemqoka wesistimu kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Kwakukhona ubunye emazweni Russian 15c. Kwakheka umbuso owodwa, okuthiwa Russia. Mayelana lolu shintsho isakhiwo kwezehlalakuhle nomnotho isimo. Umlando yokuphathwa komphakathi eRussia nendawo eside kunikezwa Duma. Ngesikhathi inhloko isimo wema Grand Duke. Duma lalinabashumayeli umoya izingxenye - izicukuthwane nezikhonzi. Isigodlo ezazisemizini isakhiwo isimo, okuyinto oluthatha ezweni Prince futhi uMgcinimafa, lapho aqhubeka imali isimo, ubucwebe, nezincwadi ezibalulekile. Njengoba sekunama-Ivan IV, ukushintsha uhlelo lukahulumeni eRussia. Ngenxa yalokho yezinguquko wakhe, wadala Eduze Duma oda ohlelweni ... Emaphandleni njengenhloko ngokuthi induna labial, futhi abathandayo inhloko emizini. Ngo 1549 .. It sidalwe the Zemsky Sobor, futhi ngo-1551. It yabuthelwa Stoglavy Cathedral, eyethula kwekuhlela kabusha e wesigungu sesonto. U-Ivan IV ihlukaniswe izwe ku zemshchina futhi oprichnina. Emuva lé ekhulwini le-17 e-Russia, wazibona preconditions sokushintshela kusukela ohlanga ukuze autocracy. Kwakukhona eshintsha ohlelweni lempi Russia. Intensified amabutho Russia. Phakathi nokubusa uPetru izinguquko yaqaphela mayelana apharathasi isimo. ukuguqulwa kwakhe wawutholakala ikakhulu iqondiswe ekufezeni Europeanization kanye sesimanje uhlelo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho nezombusazwe Russia. kwekuhlela kabusha wakhe ukhathazekile abalimi, ngubani zihlukaniswe wombuso kanye serfs. Phakathi 18veka babe amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, futhi ngemva kokufa njengomhlatshelo kaPetru, iziphathimandla sezisunguliwe ogama umsebenzi kwaba ukuze kukhawulwe igunya lenkosi. Lemigwamanda kukhona Ephakeme azitshelwa Council (1725-1730), iKhabhinethi (1730-1740), lenkomfa eNkantolo Imperial (1740-1762). It kwavulwa izinkantolo civil kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu. izinguquko ezinjalo enziwa njalo emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. UMbuso Duma yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. I Republic ezamenyezelwa ngoSepthemba 1, 1917 .. uhulumeni kukahulumeni zesikhashana. Umthethosisekelo lokuqala umthethosisekelo RSFSR waziswa ngamhla zi-1918, July 10th. Ngokusho lokhu umzimba zomthetho ukuthi Central Executive Committee .. Januwari 31, 1924 ezamenyezelwa the -sisekelo we-USSR. EU.SSR yayikhona kuze 1991. ngemva kokubhujiswa kwalo kwamiswa Russian Federation, ogama UMengameli wayengazimisele Boris Yeltsin.
Umlando sokusebenzela umphakathi eRussia emabhulohweni emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ngo Kievan Rus babengenalo imisebenzi esemthethweni. izinguquko ezinkulu kule ndawo senzeke emva ubunye yamazwe esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yeRussia khona lapho sekubusa iSikhulu eMoscow. Kusukela wokubusa Ivan III, noma iyiphi servitor kungaba Ungeqeli ngalé kwemingcele ubukhulu eMoscow - ke kwakubhekwa njengokuvukela umbuso.
Umlando sokusebenzela umphakathi kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa umlando ukulawula isimo eRussia. Siye sazama ukunikeza uhlaka isihloko "Umlando of Public Administration eRussia."
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