Umsuka isiRashiya futhi oyiyo lucebe

isiRashiya kungokwalabo eziningi Izilimi zesiSlavic, okuyinto zihlukaniswe East Slavic (isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian, Belarusian), West Slavic (isiPolish, isiCzech, Slovak) kanye lwamaSlav aseNingizimu (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian futhi Slowinski).

Umsuka isiRashiya

Idatha lokuqala ekhuluma nokubukeka kwakhe, ukuba evuleleke BC IX leminyaka, ngesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa lokubhala Slavic. ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana izizwe Slavic esukela emuva le ekhulwini IV. Kulezi zikhathi kwakukhona kakade ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko we amaSlav, ngakho-ke, nezilimi. Noma kunjalo, yini le IX-X eminyaka, lapho wayebhalela khona, kwakukhona ayifane kangaka oyiyo nemithetho yolimi nendlela isakhiwo lucebe ukuthi izizwe ezihlukahlukene lalingabulawa kalula baqonde nomunye. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umsuka isiRashiya nezinye Slavic iqala kusukela drevnetserkovnoslavyanskogo jikelele noma i-Old Church.

Futhi, izilimi Slavic ayingxenye Indo-European, nakho zihlanganisa isiGreki, isiLatini Romance Modern, zamaJalimane, Celtic, izilimi zase-Baltic, kanti ezinye izilimi India nase-Iran. Kunengqondo, phakathi Persian, yolimi lwanamuhla Albania Russian akuhlangene. Nokho, lapho ukuhlaziywa zomlando ngokuqhathanisa kungembula abanye isisekelo ezivamile, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi zonke izilimi bohlanga Indo-European, isikhathi kakhulu, isikhathi eside kakhulu waba ulimi "ipulatifomu" ezivamile - Ulimi Indo-European, kusukela olwaqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo ezimele. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ulimi Proto-Slavic kwaba isisekelo Slav, elingelakwaJuda isiRashiya. Umsuka noma yisiphi sazo, ngakho inqubo lide kakhulu, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngempela impikiswano, ukuze kwakheke imithombo Lokudabuka kungenzeka kuphela ngokuqhathanisa eziyindlala kakhulu idatha zomlando equkethe okusanhlamvu, uhlala yasendulo igama-amafomu kanye kwaqanjwa ulimi.

I umsuka walawo magama ngolimi Russian

Silulumagama kolimi Modern Russian savela isikhathi eside kakhulu. Inqubo kumiswa isakhiwo lucebe kolimi ngamunye, kuhlanganise isiRashiya, ihlobene eduze ekuthuthukiseni isizwe, ukuthuthukiswa umlando wabantu. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yale nqubo ezikhonjwe izingxenye ezimbili: a primordial silulumagama ezazikhona ngolimi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi emagama labolekiwe, iziphi kancane kancane ngokuba yingxenye kwesistimu yayo lucebe.

Esikhathini wakudala silulumagama Russian ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amagama Indo-European, East Slavic, lezisekelo Old Russian futhi isiRashiya eqinisweni ezikhomba umsuka isiRashiya.

silulumagama Indo-European wangena isiRashiya ababevela simiso esidala ukuba elalingelamaFilisti lwamaSlav ngolimi olulodwa. Yilawa amazwi elisho Ubuhlobo: unina, noyise, indodakazi; izilwane, inkunzi, izimvu; ukudla - amathambo, inyama kanye nabanye.

Amazwi ulimi ezivamile Slavic ngofuzo ubunye kwezilimi izizwe Slavic, kusukela AD mayelana VI ekhulwini It is a term elisho izitshalo nezilwane - lime, leaf, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, ukhuni, ihlathi, impande, igatsha, unyaluthi, uphizi, ibhali, njll Leli qembu lucebe kuhlanganisa imiqondo zimise amathuluzi ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi - hoe, aluka, indwangu, ingwegwe, ekwakheni, njll.; emagama lahambisana nesihloko izindlu, ukudla, yasendlini izinto, izinyoni nezilwane.

Amagama isiRashiya kungokwalabo East Slavic noma Old silulumagama Russian. Eqale ngesikhathi kumiswa Kievan Rus, ezazihlanganisa izizwe zakwa-Eastern lwamaSlav. Yilawa amazwi okuyinto zenzeka ngezilimi Slavic Eastern ezintathu kuphela, isibonelo, okubonisa izinga isenzo - ezinhle, rokotat; elithile nokuzwelana - isinyathelo-indodakazi, umalume: amagama zezinyoni nezilwane, njll

Empeleni isiRashiya e mazwi ngolimi ngemva kokwakhiwa Elikhulu ubuzwe isiRashiya, lapho eqala ukwakheka nokuthuthukisa ulimi Russian kazwelonke, cishe ngekhulu le-XVII. Lezi ezinye imiqondo ezibonisa izinto zasekhaya nokudla - iklabishi imiqulu, uphaya belyashi; Isenzo namagama - ocucuzayo, smash, wamthethisa; leminye imicondvo abstract - isipiliyoni up, ukukhohlisa, njll

Ekugcineni, iqembu enkulu lucebe e Russian ulimi ukwakheka izwi-ebolekiwe, kufakwe kuyo inqubo yamasiko, commercial, bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa ubuhlobo namanye amazwe. Lawo mazwi kancane yamukeleke, okungukuthi, beniyingxenye olimini abahumushela kulo kanye angaphandle kancane kancane balahlekelwa incazelo yalo. Ngo isiRashiya, bona bakwazi ukungena kokubili kusuka Izilimi zesiSlavic ahlobene, kanye nabanye ababengewona ama-Slavic. Amagama amaningi aye lathathwa ngesiGreki esikhathini ubunye izizwe Slavic. silulumagama yezesayensi amagama ingxenye enkulu kufika kithi evela Latin. amagama olimi Turkic (iningi AmaTatar) langena isiRashiya ngenxa Ngasekuqaleni ubudlelwane kwamasiko futhi kuphangwa okuzingela. Omunye amaqembu amaningi akha kwemali kusuka Izilimi zase-Western European, ngenxa yezinguquko ezinkulu kwamasiko, zomthetho, bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa isimo isiRashiya, kusukela ngesikhathi uPetru wehlelwe yini.

Umsuka isiRashiya futhi oyiyo lucebe buhlobene eduze umsuka, ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano isizwe, isizwe Russian futhi isimo, ngoba ulimi - uyinto eyinkimbinkimbi, "bukhoma", ezikhulayo "umzimba", okwembula nokuzindla izinqubo ezihleli e emphakathini wesintu.