UVanda Vasilevskaya: biography nezithombe

Namuhla, akuwona wonke umuntu ongakhumbula uVanda Vasilevskaya, nakuba wayekade ephila izincwadi zakudala zaseSoviet. Kodwa emva kokufa komfundi wakhe oyinhloko - uJoseph Stalin - udumo lweVasilevskaya lwaphela ngokushesha.

Ubuntwana beVanda Vasilevskaya

UVasilevskaya Vanda Lvovna wazalwa ngoJanuwari 1905 emndenini we-ethnographer owaziwayo wasePoland nozwelonke uLeón Vasilevsky.

Njengoba eseyiNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle ZasePoland ngaphansi kohulumeni wasePilsudski, uyise wakhe udume ngokubheka kwakhe kobuhlanga. Nguye owasungula ukwakheka komlingiswa wendodakazi yakhe enenjongo.

Ukuphila ePoland ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili

Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wayenemfundo enhle. Ngo-1927 wathola idiploma ye-Faculty of Philology yaseJagiellonian University. Ngemva kokufunda, uVasilevskaya wayehlala eKrakow futhi efundiswa esikoleni esiphakeme. Lo wesifazane angenza umsebenzi owenza kalula, kodwa esikhundleni salokho ujoyina inhlangano yezinguquko ezisePoland.

Ngo-1938 umlobi wahlela isiteleka esikhulu sabothisha, esaxoshwa emsebenzini. Ngonyaka ofanayo wenza uhambo lwe-ethnographic kuya kuVolyn. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziqoqiwe, uVanda Vasilevskaya kamuva wabhala incwadi ethi "The Flame in the Marshes".

Ngemva kokuhamba uVasilevskaya wathuthela eWarsaw, lapho athola khona umsebenzi emahhovisi omhleli wabamagazini bezingane. Ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala, waqhubeka nokuqhuba imisebenzi yakhe yokuguqula isimo, okwabangela intukuthelo kubaphathi basePoland, futhi wayezofakwa etilongweni.

Ukuthuthela e-USSR kanye ne-Great Patriotic War

Ngesikhathi iJalimane lamaNazi ehlasela iPoland, uVanda Vasilevskaya wayefuna ukuhamba kuleli zwe, kodwa iziphathimandla zenqabe ukumnika i-visa, ngoba kwavela izilingo ezimbili ngokumelene naye. Khona-ke umlobi wahamba amakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana ngezinyawo futhi wafika eLviv, owaba idolobha laseSoviet.

Lapha uVanda Lvovna wamukela ngokushesha ukuba yisakhamuzi se-USSR. Abaningi bamangala ukuthi uVasilevskaya wakwazi kanjani ukudlulisa zonke izimo nokulibaziseka okuhlotshaniswa nokuhamba ezindaweni ezithathiwe, futhi hhayi nje nje wathola ubuzwe, kodwa waba ngumphathi we-Supreme Soviet wase-USSR. Kuthiwa uJoseph Stalin ngokwakhe usize kulokhu.

Ukuhlala eLviv, uVanda Vasilevskaya wabhala ukulahlwa kweVikhrya enkulu - u-Eugene Bereznyak. Kulo Vasilevskaya wamlahla ngenxa ye-Ukrainization yezikole zaseLviv, ekholelwa ukuthi lokhu bekuphambene nomgomo weqembu. Kungenxa yalesi senzo ukuthi abaningi base-Ukraine abamthandi umlobi namuhla.

UVasilievskaya Wanda waqhubeka nokufundela kwakhe eLviv. Umlobi wezincwadi ezivela ku-trilogy yakhe edumile "Ingoma phezu kwamanzi" yaqala ukudala ngqo kulo muzi.

Njengoba kufika impi ensimini ye-USSR, umlobi wathola isikhundla sezempi sika-colonel futhi waqala ukuya phambili njengengxenye yeqembu le-propaganda. Abacwaningi bathi i-Wanda Vasilevskaya, eyingozi, eyabhema njengomkhumbi we-steam futhi ehlala ehamba ngama-breeches egibele amadoda, yayiyisikhulumi esimangalisayo esimangalisayo.

Ngokufanayo nomsebenzi womkhankaso, uVasilevskaya wasebenza njengomhleli wezincwadi ezihlukahlukene.

Ngo-1942, u-Stalin watshela uVande Lvovna ukuba abhale indaba edabukisayo phambili. Isikhathi somlobi sasinenyanga kuphela. Kodwa-ke, wabhekana - ngakho kwakukhona indaba "Rainbow" Vanda Vasilevskaya. Ngonyaka olandelayo, lo msebenzi uqoshiwe, futhi umlobi wanikezwa yona iStalin Prize yakhe yokuqala. Emukele imali, lo wesifazane wanikela ekwakheni indiza yempi "Warsaw".

Kusukela ngo-1943 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwempi, uVasilevskaya wabamba isikhundla somhleli-inhloko yephephandaba iSovetskaya Polska.

Ngemuva kwempi, umlobi wathuthela eKiev, lapho ethola khona indawo yokuhlala ehlukene nazo zonke izinto.

Iminyaka yokugcina yomlobi

Ngemuva kwempi, uVasilevskaya wanikezwa kabili iStalin Prize. "U-Rainbow" wakhe kanye neminye imisebenzi yayifakwe kuhlelo lwezikole oluphoqelelwe. Njengomkhomanisi wezobuchwepheshe oqinisekisiwe, uWanda Wasilewska wayevame ukuthunyelwa kwamabhizinisi angaphandle. Ngemuva kwabo, lona wesifazane washicilela imibhalo lapho kwachazwa ngokubala ukuthi indlela ehlala ngayo i-Europekazi yase-Europe kanye nezakhamuzi zaseSoviet zijabule kangakanani. Kanjalo kwavela "eParis naseParis" nase "Letters eRoma". Ngenxa yezobulungiswa kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi uma ulahla yonke inkulumo-mpilo enhle, umlobi wabiza ngokunembile izinkinga eziningi ze-post-war eYurophu, ikakhulukazi eFrance.

Ukuphila okugcwele okujabulisayo kweVasilevskaya kwaphela ekufeni kukaStalin. Ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwakhe okunamandla, udumo lomlobi lwaphela. Wafa ngo-1964, wangcwatshwa eKiev.

Ukuphila komuntu siqu kaVanda Vasilevskaya

Umlobi wayeshadile kabili. Indoda yakhe yokuqala kwakuyinguquko yokuguqula iMarian Bogatko. Kulo mshado, indodakazi eyodwa kuphela yomlobi u-Eva wazalwa, owashona ubaba wakhe (1940) ngo-1940 wathathwa e-USSR. U-Eva waba umhumushi, futhi nomlobi wezingane.

Umyeni wesibili waseSoviet uVasilevskaya waba umbhali waseSoviet wase-Ukraine u-Alexander Korneychuk. Kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi lo mshado wawungumthetho wezombangazwe futhi kwakungenalo uthando olukhethekile phakathi kwalabo abashadile.

UVanda Vasilevskaya, "Rainbow": isifinyeto

Kwaphela inyanga manje, njengoba umzana wase-Ukraine wemindeni engamakhulu amathathu wawusesandleni sama-fascists. Ngalesi sikhathi abantu bendawo babehlupheka kakhulu. Izindlu ezinhle kakhulu zathathwa kubanikazi, abaphonswa ngaphandle emgwaqweni, kanti kwezinye izindlu zaseJalimane amasosha ayemi. Izinkomo, izimvu, izinkukhu nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo sekuyisikhathi eside zisusiwe, ngoba izingxenye zaseJalimane zahlelwa ukuba zithole ukudla ezindaweni zokuhlala. Isisebenzi sokuqala nobuhle besigodi uMalasha Vyshneva wadlwengulwa ngamasosha amathathu futhi wayekulindele ingane kusuka komunye wabo.

Wonke amandla emzaneni manje usezandleni zomphathi waseJalimane uKurt Werner. Uhlala eduze nomfelokazi wendawo waseFouosia Kravchuk kanye nenkosikazi wakhe uPusey (olethwe edolobheni eliseduze, athembisa ukushada, nakuba yena ngokwakhe unomfazi uLouise nomntwana waseJalimane).

Induna yenhloko nguGaplik, owadedelwa ejele ngamaJalimane. Umsebenzi walo ukuphoqa abantu bakuleli ukuba banikeze abahlaseli, lapho ukolweni ufihliwe khona. Nguye ofunda ngokubuyela emzaneni womfelokazi oneminyaka engamashumi amane u-Olena Kostiuk.

Njengoba kwaziwa, umyeni wakhe washiya umkakhe okhulelwe wahamba waya phambili, kanti u-Elena, lapho kufika amaJalimane, washiya umbutho wokuhlanganyela, ohlanganisa namadoda amancane ayishumi nesithupha, futhi wabaphatha kuze kube yisikhathi sokubeletha. Khona-ke lona wesifazane wabuyela endlini yakhe, enethemba lokuthi amaJalimane ayengazi ngaye, kodwa wayephutha.

U-Kurt wamnxusa ukuba anikeze ama-partisans, kodwa lona wesifazane akavumanga. Ngalobo busuku ubusuku bakhe babulawa baxoshwa eqhweni bebetha, kodwa akazange amkhaphele. Owesifazane olambile, onqenqemeni, olimele wayevalelwe emanzini abandayo.

Umfana womakhelwane ogama lakhe linguMishka wahamba waya kulo mgwaqo futhi wayefuna ukumnika lo wesifazane isinkwa, kodwa wabonwa ngumthumeli wadutshulwa. Umama womfana u-Galina Malyuchikha washaya ngasese umzimba wendodana yakhe wangcwatshwa endimeni.

Ngakusasa ekuseni kwaba khona umhlangano lapho umdala athathwa khona ngabasimi abayisithupha, ethembisa ukuthi uzobabulala ngezinsuku ezintathu, uma abalimi bengakaniki ukolweni futhi bangatshele ukuthi indodana yabo uzama ukuletha isinkwa kumuntu othunjiwe. Kodwa-ke, akekho omunye wabantu abazofeza izidingo zabahlaseli.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, indodana ka-Olena yazalwa nomthunjwa. Naphezu kwamanxeba, ubanda, indlala nezimo ezimbi, umntwana wazalwa enempilo. Ngemva kokubeletha, lo wesifazane wabuyiselwa izingubo zakhe futhi wanikezwa ukulala. U-Kurt wabe esememeza ukuba ahlaziye futhi, esongela ngokubulala ingane, wacela ukuba kukhululwe ama-partisans. Owesifazane akazange avumelane, futhi induna yamdubula umntwana wakhe osanda kuzalwa, futhi umama wakhe wayala ukuba abulawe.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uFeliosia Kravchuk ufunda ukuthi i-Red Army ihlela ukukhulula ngokushesha umzana wayo, futhi utshele amasosha ukuthi kuphi nokuthi kuphi abahlala khona. Ngalobobusuku, abanye abathunjwa bendawo basebekhulile futhi bamthatha, bephonsa umzimba emthonjeni owomile. Ekuseni amaJalimane anquma ukuthi umphathi waphunyukile.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, edolobheni, kutholakale ikholomu lamasosha athunjiwe, lokhu kubonakala kusabisa izakhamuzi. Nokho, ngobusuku i-Red Army ikhulula umuzi. Emzabalazweni wenkululeko, uMalasha ubulala uKrt ngezandla zakhe. Futhi abalimi bayangcwatshwa ethuneni elivamile lamasosha kanye nabantu bakubo. Futhi ngaphezu komzana kukhona ubusuku obunqabile obusika obusika.

Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungile kwe "Rainbow"

Ngokushesha ngemva kokushicilelwa, le ncwadi yathandwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphephandaba aseMelika aye asabela kahle ngakho. Ifilimu okuthiwa yi-self-titled, esekelwe endabeni, yaphakanyiswa ngisho ne-Oscar.

"Rainbow" yabhalwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho yonke yenkulumo-ze: izincazelo ezicacile zezinhlobonhlobo zobubi be-fascists, abantu abanobuqhawe bokufa kanye namabutho anamandla-abavukeli. Naphezu kolimi olulula, lo msebenzi ugcwele ukuchofoza kokubhala. Iningi lamasosha lihlobo olufanayo futhi libikezelwa. AmaJalimane anjengawo onke ama-scoundrels anonya, akhohlisayo, umdala uyisabekayo, inkosikazi yaseJalimane iyisiwula futhi ivila. Intombazane ekhohlisayo ishabalalisa, ihlanzekile ihlazo layo ngegazi. Abesifazane abahlukumezi futhi bahlabela izingane ngendlela enhle futhi ngokukhululeka okubelethayo, futhi ihora ngemva kokubeletha base bephuza utshwala obuhlanjululwayo. Ukufa empini kudunyiswa njengento enhle kakhulu ngokumelene nokudlulela kokuthunjwa okuyihlazo yisitha.

Kukhona nokungahambisani okuningi endabeni. Isibonelo, amaJalimane abelokhu edolobhaneni inyanga, kepha awakwazi ukubala bonke abahlali. Emzaneni oseduze nalokho ama-guerrilla asetshenziswa khona, amaGermane asaba njengomlilo, induna iyalindwa ngumlindi oyedwa ongenandaba, futhi ngisho nokulandela umfelokazi osekhulile emlonyeni wakhe kalula. U-Obescheshchennaya Malasha akaziwa kusukela lapho usuvele khona ngosuku lweshumi uyazi ukuthi ukhulelwe. Yebo, kanti nokukhulelwa u-Olena nakho konke akubushelelezi. Umlobi uchaza ukuhlupheka kwemindeni ehlala emiphakathini eseduze nendlala, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bahlale benesinkwa ukuze bayinike ezempi.

Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokushiyeka okuningi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi indaba ebhalwe ngenyanga nje kuphela, "Rainbow" inhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhalwe sengathi inkulumo-ze isebenza ukugcina umoya ngesikhathi sempi futhi igcwalise indima yayo ngokuphelele, ibe yikhanyisa yokukhanya nethemba kubantu abaningi.

UVanda Vasilevskaya, "Uthando nje"

Ngo-1944 uVasilevskaya wabhala enye indaba edumile ebizwa ngokuthi "Just Love." Kulo, wazama ukuveza ukuhlangenwe nakho komzwelo kwabafazi abalindele labo abashade nabo empini. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne "Rainbow" lo msebenzi uveza ngokujulile ukucwaninga kwengqondo yabesifazane empini.

Phakathi nendawo isifazane osemncane futhi ofundele kahle, uMaria, osebenza njengomhlengikazi. Yena, njengezinkulungwane zabantu bakithi, ulindela umyeni wakhe uGrigory kusuka phambili. Ngokungazelelwe izindaba zezokufa kwakhe ziza. UMaria uyakhathazeka kakhulu ngalokhu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uyayamukela. Ngokushesha izindaba zokufa kukaGrisha ziba yiphutha, futhi yena ubuyela ekhaya. Kodwa-ke, indoda ethandekayo isuke ingenakulinganiswa ngaphandle kwalokho uMariya eqala ukubonakala sengathi uyeka ukumthanda. Kodwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, emsebenzini, owesifazane uhlangana nomfelokazi omyeni wakhe osanda kushone esibhedlela. Usizi lomunye luthinta uMariya kakhulu kangangokuthi uyazi ukuthi uthanda kangakanani uGrisha.

Namuhla, imisebenzi eminingi eyabhalwa nguVanda Vasilevskaya ibukeka ingapheli. I-biography yalesi wesifazane yayazi kahle kokubili, kepha namuhla i-epoch kanye neqiniso elichazwe emisebenzini yakhe sekudlulile. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi izindaba zikaVanda Vasilevskaya zadlala indima ebalulekile ekunqobeni u-fascism.