Umcwaningi waseRussia Erofei Khabarov. Yini umhloli wamazwe athola?

E-Trans-Baikal Territory, phakathi kwama-taans, kukhona isiteshi esitimela u- Erofei Pavlovich. Akuwona bonke abagibeli bezitimela ezidlula ngokuqagela ukuthi egameni laso, kanye negama lenye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eMpumalanga Ekude - iKhabarovsk, - inkumbulo yomhloli wamaRussia odumile ogama lakhe lingu-Erofei Khabarov wayengenakufa. Yini le ndoda eyitholile futhi iyini inzuzo yakhe? Le mibuzo izoba isihloko sesingxoxo yethu.

Emkhankasweni wesabelo esijabulisayo

Ulwazi lomlando mayelana nobuntwana bakhe luncane kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wazalwa futhi wakhulela e-Ustyug, futhi, ekufinyeleleni eminyakeni evuthiwe, wahlala eSol'vychegorsk, lapho ayebandakanye khona embonini yasawoti. Kodwa noma yiziphi izinto azizange ziphumelele, noma ukuphila okumpunga kwakunesihlungu kakhulu kumfana omncane, kodwa kuphela kwashiya indawo ka-Erofei futhi wahamba ukuyofuna i-adventure, futhi uma kwenzeka, khona-ke injabulo, emaphethelweni aphezulu, "i-Stone Belt" - i-Great Ural ridge.

Awu, ngeke sikhulume ngenjabulo, kodwa ama-adventures awazange athathe isikhathi eside. Okokuqala eMfuleni i-Yenisei, bese kuthi emaphethelweni amahlathi e-taiga weLena River, umhlalaphansi omusha wayebandakanyeka ekudobeni kwezinhlanzi. Ubunzima besilwane saseSiberia lwaluyigugu, futhi ukuzingela kwaletha inzuzo enhle, kodwa lapho ukukhubeka emahlathini kuya okhiye kasawoti, uKhabarov waphinde wathatha ibhizinisi lomkhuba losawoti abilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, walima imifula engasenalutho futhi waqala ukulima. Icala lalibonakala lilungile, ngoba ngaphandle kwesinkwa nosawoti akekho ongakwenza ...

Iphupho elizalwe etilongweni

Kodwa-ke, umhloli wekusasa u- Yerofei Khabarov ngalesi sikhathi wayephutha. I-vovoda yase Yakut, ehluleka ukungena amandla kweziphathimandla ngaleso sikhathi, yashiya umhlaba womhlaba ohlaziyekile, nokupheka usawoti, nayo yonke isivuno esivunyiwe - izinhlanzi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zesinkwa. Umlimi, owazama ukumelana nentando yakhe, wafihla etilongweni, lapho ayekhona nabaphangi nababulali.

Kodwa isikhathi esasichithwa ngemuva kwemigoqo sasingeyona ize. Kusuka kulabo abathintekayo - abantu abanolwazi, abagijimayo i-taiga kanye naphesheya - wezwa izindaba ngezwe lama-Amur kanye nengcebo yabo engapheliyo. Yikuphi u-Erofei Khabarov ayephupha ngalezo zinsuku, azibonele yena ekukhulumisaneni nezinye iziboshwa, engaziwa, kodwa, ekuhambeni inkululeko, indoda, eyonakalisiwe futhi engenayo ipennyini ye penny, ngesibindi yangena ebhizinisini elithemba.

Ekhanda leqembu labahloli bamazwe

Ngaleso sikhathi, ngenhlanhla, umhlukumezi wakhe wayengasekho eJakutsk. Kungenzeka yena ngokwakhe uboshiwe, noma wahamba ekukhuthazeni (okungenzeka kakhulu), kepha uFranzbekov omusha wayeqokwa esikhundleni sakhe. Wabe eseyisigungu esasigula kuphela esikhwameni sakhe, kodwa nangenxa yezintshisekelo zikahulumeni, ngakho-ke wavuma ngokuzithandela isipho sikaKhabarov sokumthumela ngenqola yamaCosacks emabhange eMfula i-Amur - ukuvula amazwe amasha eRussia futhi afune imithombo yemali yengcebo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-voevoda yayala u-Erofey ukuba athathe abantu abafanelekile kulolu hambo, futhi yena uhola inhlangano.

Ngalesi sikhathi, izinkinga zokuqala zaqala. Eziningi ze-Cossacks zavinjelwa yizindaba ze-satarsite ze-Poyarkov, umhloli wamazwe owaye wavakashela amazwe aseSiberia awakhiwe yiTungus, Daur, Achani kanye nezinye izizwe zasendle zasendle. Okukhulu kakhulu kwakuyiengozi ehambisana nalolu hambo. Umkhankaso we-Yerofey Khabarov wawusengozini. Ngenkinga enkulu wayekwazi ukushaya amaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili, njengabadlali abathintekayo njengoba yena ngokwakhe.

Indlela esuka eJakutsk eya e-Amur

I-voevoda, indoda ehlakaniphile futhi ebonakala kahle kakhulu, ayiyena nje ukuba iqoqe izizwe ze-yasak ezihlangene nazo endleleni (ezitholakala njengezilwane zezilwane ezithwele izinwele), kodwa futhi nokuchaza amazwe amasha, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - ukuzibeka ebalazweni. Kwase kuthi ehlobo lika-1649, emva kokukhonza ethempelini likaNkulunkulu umkhuleko nesibusiso sokuhlukanisa, inqola yavela eJakutsk.

Esikhathini sekhulu le-XVII, ukuphela kwemithambo yezokuthutha yaseSiberia kwakuyimifula, ngakho-ke uhambo luka-Erofey Khabarov nemiphefumulo yakhe eqinekile lwaqala ngokuthi, ngokuhamba phambili kukaLena, bafike emlonyeni wenduna enkulu kunazo zonke - u-Olekma. Ukunqoba i-rapids yamanje esheshayo neye-rapids eminingi, ekwindla sekwephuzile i-Cossacks yafinyelela komunye umfula we-taiga-i-Tugir, emabhange ayo nawo ahlala khona.

NgoJanuwari uhambo lwaqhubeka. Ehamba eqhweni elijulile futhi ehudulela ama-sledges ahambayo, elayishwa ngamabhuthi nazo zonke ezinye izinto, lohambo lwaluqede iStanovoi Range. Abantu babekhathele ngokweqile, ngoba imimoya eqinile neziphepho zeqhwa zavimbela umthwalo osindayo ukuba ungadonsa emthambekeni. Kodwa, ehlangothini oluphambene nomgwaqo, uKhabarov nombutho wakhe, wehla emfuleni u-Urka, bafinyelela umgomo wendlela - i-Amur.

Imihlangano yokuqala nabahlali be-taiga

Ngisho nasezindaweni zayo eziphezulu amaCosacks ahlangana nezindawo zabakhileyo zendawo - ama-daurs. Babeyizinqaba zangempela, ezungezwe izindonga zogugi futhi zizungezwe yizingulube. Kodwa-ke, kumangala wonke umuntu, babengahlali. Izakhamuzi zabo zabalekela, zatshiswa yiziCosacks.

Ngokushesha umhlangano wokuqala nesikhulu sendawo senzeke. Kwakuthemba yiKhabarov. U-Erofei Pavlovich, ngokusebenzisa umhumushi, wakhuluma ngenhloso yokufika kwebutho futhi waphakamisa ukuqala ukuhwebelana okuhlangene. U-interlocutor wakhe waqala ukubopha ikhanda lakhe, kodwa wahlangana nesidingo sokukhokha imali yengcebo ye-jaasak, futhi wayesehamba ngokuthukuthela eKhabarov.

Ukuqiniswa kombutho weCossack

Ngonyaka ofanayo uKhabarov, ngaphandle kokuhamba neqembu elincane ukuba lingene ngaphakathi kwe-taiga, babuyela eJakutsk ukuze basize, bashiya ingxenye enkulu ye-amburge ku-Amur. I-voevoda, ilalele nesithakazelo isigijimi sakhe mayelana namazwe amasha namathemba ahambisana nawo, athunyelwe abantu abayikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ebuyela kumakhelwane akhe, uKhabarov wabathola bephila kahle, kodwa bephelelwa yizikhali eziqhubekayo zeDaur. Kodwa-ke, kusukela kulezi zinkampani zokuqoqwa kwama-Cossacks, abahlomile ngezibhamu, bahlale bephumelele, ngoba babaleka abaphikisi babo ababengazi izibhamu.

Lapho okutholakala kukaJerofei Khabarov kanye neCosacks yakhe kwaziwa eMoscow, uTar Alexei Mikhailovich wayala ukuthumela amanye amabutho ukuze amsize. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathumela abantu abahweba abavela emazweni ase-Urals ngenani elihle lokuhola nokudubula. Kakade ehlobo lika-1651 inqola enkulu futhi ehlomile eholwa uKhabarov ihlezi phansi kwe-Amur. U-Erofei Pavlovich nabantu bakhe, bezithoba ezizweni zamaDahur, bathumela intela ecebile ezikhumba zezilwane ezithwele izinwele ezibhekene nemali.

Ukuxabana nama-Achani namasekela aseManchu

Kodwa izizwe zesi-Akani ezazihlala kulowo mphakathi zaziqine futhi zifana nempi. Banikezela ama-Cossacks ukumelana nokufutheka futhi bahlasela ngokuphindaphindiwe izindawo zabo zokupaka. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo yezibhamu ngaphambi kokuba iminsalo yabasindile ithinteke nalesi sikhathi futhi. Abahlali be-taiga babalekela besaba lapho bezwa ukudubula. Abakwazanga ukubhekana nalabo abasha, bacela usizo kubantu abathengisi baseManchu, ababebehlomile ngezibhamu ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa amaCocs aphinde agijima le nqola.

Naphezu kokunqoba kwezimpikiswano zendawo kanye nosizo olungeziwe oluthunyelwe kusuka ku-Yakutsk, kwakungozi ukuqhubeka nokuqoqa i-jasak. Kwabahlali bendawo kwakungenzeka ukuthi bafunde ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha amaningi aseManchu kulungiswa, okuthunyelwe ukuvimbela ukungena kweRashiya esifundeni sase-Amur. Kwadingeka ngihlale emfuleni uZeya futhi ngisungulwe lapho.

Ukuqeda ukuvukela kanye nomthelela omkhulu wezifiki

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye yamaCosacks yahlubuka, ezama ukuphuma ekuthumeleni. Futhi lokhu kuphazamiseka kwaphoqeleka ukucindezela uJerofei Khabarov. I-biography yakhe iqukethe ulwazi ngalesi siqephu esibuhlungu. Ngemva kwalokho, wayevame ukusola ngokuhlukumeza ngokweqile. Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngoba iminyaka yokuphila kukaYerofey Khabarov, eqhutshwa ngezimo ezinzima ze-taiga, ishiya umshicileli wayo kumlingiswa nokuziphatha kwalowo muntu.

Ngokushesha, ngokusho kwesinqumo sikaSkar, kwakhiwa amavoivodeship eDaursk, lapho izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokukhethekile nezisebenzi zika-servicemen zahamba. Le minyaka emlandweni waseSiberia yabizwa umkhumbi omkhulu wabahlali, abazwa ngokucebile kwesifunda futhi bafuna amabhange ase-Amur. Uhulumeni waphoqeleka ukuba akhe indawo ekhethekile yokumisa indawo yokungena kulabo ababefisa.

Ukunyundela nokuphanga

Ukuhlala okuqhubekayo kweKhabarov ku-Amur kwakunqotshwe yizinkathazo nezinkathazo zezikhulu ezafika ngaleso sikhathi. Bamsusa emandleni langempela futhi bazama nokusola ukuhlukunyezwa. Uboshwe, wathathwa waya eMoscow. Kodwa konke kwaphela kahle. Enhloko-dolobha ababeyazi kahle u-Erofei Khabarov, yikuphi ayithola futhi akwenzela iRussia, yiziphi izimpumelelo zakhe. Ngenxa yokunikezela ngokukhululekile, lo mhambi wathunyelwa ekhaya ngenhlonipho. Wagwetshwa, wabuyela eSiberia.

Iminyaka eyalandela yokuphila kukaYerofey Khabarov ayizange ibe nemiphumela emakhasini omlando. Usuku lokufa kwakhe alukwazi, njengoba unyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe. Kodwa imibiko yayilondolozwe, lapho wonke amazwe adluliselwe embusweni waseRussia echazwe ngokuningiliziwe, nengcebo uJerofei Khabarov anikeze kuleli zwe. Lokho umuntu akuthole ekuhambeni kwakhe kwachazwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yizihloli zokuphila kwakhe. Igama lesiteshi se-Erofei Pavlovich nedolobha laseKhabarovsk lilondoloze ukuba liqhubeke.