Liyini igama lezwe enyakatho lapho kuvela khona umbuso wase-Asiriya? Umlando wemvelaphi yawo

I-Mesopotamia yizwe elisenyakatho lapho kuvela khona umbuso wase-Asiriya. Ngesinye isikhathi kwafaka imibuso enjengeSomer, i-Akkad neBabiloni. Nokho, i-Asiriya ingokwesimo sokuqala emlandweni wezwe lombuso.

Isisekelo sokwakhiwa

I-Mesopotamiya yayisesigodini semifula emibili - iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, yingakho sathola igama layo lesibili - iMesopotamiya. Izwe lale ndawo ayilungele ukulima. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona imali ebalulekile yezethusi nezensimbi zensimbi, abantu abafunde ukuzokwenza. Eqinisweni, le ndawo yayikhona iminyaka engaba ngu-25.

Izazi-mlando zivela ekuqalisweni kokubhala kuze kube yilapho kunqobe la miphetho amaPheresiya. Abacwaningi banciphisa iMesopotamiya emifuleni emibili ebizwa ngenhla : iTigris no-Ewufrathe. Lona kanye izwe elisenyakatho lapho kuvela khona umbuso wase-Asiriya. Impendulo yombuzo wokuthi ukusungulwa kwalo mbuso kudlula kanjani, kunikezwa izazi-mlando.

Ngisho nengxenye yesibili ye-III yeminyaka eyi-BC. E. Isimo sezulu e- Peninsula yase - Arabia sishintshile. Ngakho-ke, izizwe zamaSemitic zaphoqeleka ukuba zihambe ziye phakathi koMfula i-Ewufrathe. Lapho, laba bantu baxubene nabase-Asiriya basendulo. Ngakho, kwakhiwa isimo esimpofu.

Ukuphila Okuthobekile

Ekuqaleni le nsimu yayisondelene kakhulu nabomakhelwane bayo. Izakhamuzi zombuso zazibandakanyeka kwezolimo nokuqoqa. Izinsimu zahlwanyelwa okusanhlamvu. Baye bakhula ngobuciko ibhali kanye ne-emmer. Izithelo ezihlukahlukene zivuthiwe emasimini. Babenesivini esihle kakhulu. Kwakungekho izinhlelo zokunisela. Imvula eneqhwa neqhwa.

Kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu wawuzingela. Kamuva baqala ukuhlakulela izilwane, bedla izimvu. Kwakukhona amahhashi nama-Asiriya. Zasetshenziselwa kokubili emnothweni nasezindaba zezempi. Ukusebenza nezilwane kwakunzima ngokwanele. Ebusika, iqhwa elijulile lingawela kule ndawo. Ehlobo kwakushisa kangangokuba ilanga lomisa umhlabathi ube uthuli.

Kusuka emaphandleni ezweni eliphakeme, lo mbuso wasizwa ukuguqula ukuhweba. EMesopotamiya kwakuyimizi emikhulu yaleso sikhathi. I-Mesopotamia nayo izwe elenyakatho lapho kuvela khona umbuso wase-Asiriya.

Ukuhweba njengendlela yokuphumelela

Umlando wombuso omkhulu waqala ngomuzi omncane osenyakatho wase-Ashur. Igama elitholwa ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu ophakeme. Leli phuzu lalihlelwe ngabathengisi. Ekhulwini lama-XVI BC. E. Kwakungamandla okuhweba. Idolobha laceba kakhulu ngenxa yendawo yalo. Walala emgwaqweni wezindlela zokuhweba, futhi abathengisi abavela eMesopotamiya baya empumalanga nasempumalanga, bahlala ngokuzithandela kuleli phuzu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside umuzi awutholanga ukuzibusa kwezombangazwe.

Engeza imali kumgcinimafa kanye nokuhweba ngezigqila. Lesi simo sasivamile kuMesopotamiya WaseMandulo (izwe elisenyakatho lapho umbuso wase-Asiriya wasuka khona).

Umlando (iBanga lesi-5) usitshela ukuthi iMesopotamiya yayiyingxenye ye-Asiriya ngesikhathi sokulandelana kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 kuya kwele-7 BC. E. Futhi lesi sikhathi siwela esigabeni saseMid-Asiriya.

Isikhathi sokugcina sandulelwe yisikhathi sase-Old-Assyrian. Khona-ke umbuso wazuza ukuzimela okwesikhashana. Ngo-1970 BC. E. Amandla kuqala adlulisela izakhamuzi zase-Ashur. Nakuba, ngemuva kwalesi sigaba, lezi zindawo zaziphindwe kaningi ngaphansi kwegunya labanye ababusi.

Umsebenzi weNkosi

Izwe lasezwe laliholwa yi-tsar. Lesi sihloko sasizuzwe njengefa. Inkosi kuzo zonke izindaba yayiqondiswa umbono wezicukuthwane nabadala. Ngesinye isikhathi umbusi wagxila ezandleni zakhe zonke izikhala eziyinhloko. Wadlala indima yompristi, umholi wezempi waze wagijimela umnotho.

Phakathi nesikhathi sonke seStaroassyrian, lesi sifunda silwela ukuzimela. Futhi kusukela emakhulwini e-XIV-IX. BC. E. I-Asiriya ngezikhathi ezithile yayinqoba imingcele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso wawungaphansi kwegunya lomakhelwane waseMitanni.

Kwadlula amakhulu amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ngokuqondile ngenxa yalesi simo sinobudlova balo mbuso, izwe lafunda ukuthi izwe libizwa kanjani, enyakatho lapho umbuso wase-Asiriya uvela khona.

Umsuka wombuso

Ngo-1300 inkosi yase-Asiriya, u-Ashur-Uballit I, ngokusebenzisa ukukhulumisana nobuqili, yakhulula isimo sayo kwabahlaseli futhi yathatha izinyathelo zokuqala ekubunjweni kombuso. Omunye wabalambile bakhe abade ase-Adad-nirari ngiletha le ndaba. Khona-ke isikhathi sokunqotshwa nokulahlekelwa kwezindawo ezathunjiwe saqala. Ngezinye izikhathi indawo yancishiswa ibe ukubuyiswa kwangaphambilini. Ngokuvamile umhlaba owasakazwa ngawo amandla enkosi wancipha waba yi-Tigris River. Inhloso eyinhloko yezempi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuphanga. Ngezindleko zabo, leli zwe lacebisa.

Ukuvela kombuso wase-Asiriya kwakuqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XI BC. E. Khona-ke inkosi yayinguTiglatpalasar I. Ibutho lakhe lenza imikhankaso engaphezu kuka-30 ephumelelayo, ngenxa yalokho amasimu akhethekile athunjwa. Kodwa inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke zalethwa yizindlela zokuhweba, ezaphinde zawela ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Asiriya.

Khona-ke, cishe eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili, leli zwe lahlushwa ukuhlaselwa yi-nomads. Waletha lesi sifo ngaphandle kwenkinga ye-Adad-nirari II.

Isayensi yezempi

Inkathi yokuchuma yawela embusweni omusha wase-Asiriya. Ivela ezinyangeni ze-X-VII BC. E. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwenziwa izinguquko ezintsha. Ibutho laliyiyalo ngokuqinile. Amasosha ayenonya kakhulu. Kamuva, ngisho neMesopotamiya, izwe elisenyakatho lapho umbuso wase-Asiriya wasuka khona, wayengenakuziqhayisa ngamandla anjalo empi.

Umbusi uTiglatpalasar III waba umqambi weqiniso emkhakheni wezempi. Okokuqala, wakhipha umthetho, ngokusho ukuthi abaqashiwe baboshwa yini empini. Isinyathelo sesibili - kusukela ngaleso sikhathi impi yayisekuhlinzekeni okuphelele kombuso. Inani lamasosha lalifinyelele ku-120 000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibutho lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye, kwakukhona izinhlu. Kwakukhona ngisho nababhali ababephethe ukubala. Isibonelo, zingaphi izithunjwa ezithathwe, yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhle ezikwazi ukuzithatha. Bamukele abaculi bezempi. Esinye isici salesi sikhathi yi-clairvoyant.

UMbusi Omkhulu

Ngalolu lwazi, ibutho lalingenakunqotshwa. Akumangalisi ukuthi umhlaba wonke wazi, enyakatho yezwe izwe lase-Asiriya lavela.

Enye iqhinga lebutho yizinqola. Amasosha emotokeni, ahlanganiswe ngamahhashi amane, angase agijimele emhlane ngemuva kwesigamu futhi ambulale. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulo mbuso kwakukhona abantu ababesebenza ekugubheni nasekubhujisweni kwezindonga zomuzi, ukuthi baqhubeka bevikela. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwebutho kwalethwa izinhloli.

Kuningi okuhle ezweni lakhe okwenziwa iTiglatpalasar III kwezinye izigaba. Ngokuyinhloko, wathuthela abanye abantu ezindaweni zabanye, ngaleyo ndlela baxuba amasiko kanye namasiko. Ngakho-ke, amakholoni awakwazi ukuzwakalisa amandla anele okulwa nombuso.

Ukuzuza okuqhubekayo nemigomo ephumelelayo kwaletha ingcebo enhle kanye nezisebenzi eshibhile kuhulumeni.

Ukuwa kombuso

Ikhulu le-VII BC. E. Kwaba yingozi kulaba bantu. Kancane kancane, umbuso omkhulu waqala ukulahlekelwa isikhundla. I-Mesopotamia, izwe elisenyakatho lapho umbuso wase-Asiriya wasuka khona, ulinde amandla amasha. Umbusi olandelayo walesi sizwe kwakuyiBhabhiloni. Kwakuyilo mbuso kanye namaMediya angomakhelwane aphetha ukubambisana ukuze avuselele isitha. Amabutho abo ahlaselwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngempi ngayinye, umbuso walahlekelwa amadolobha amakhulu.

Kodwa ukufa kwe-Asiriya - lokhu kwakuyisibonelo esingokomlando. Amakhosi akhe namabutho akhe ayenamandla kakhulu futhi ayenesihluku kangangokuthi wona ngokwawo kamuva wabhekana nokungaqiniseki kwawo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukulawula inani elinjalo labantu. Kwabe sekuvela ukuqhuma kwesinye isifunda.

Umbuso omkhulu awukwazanga ukumelana nomthelela weBabiloni neMedia futhi wawa. Bonke abahlakaniphile baqothulwa, imizi yabhujiswa. Kwakungeke kwenzeke ukubuyisela amandla angaphambili. Abantu bezwe elihlukumezekile bahlala emazweni ahlukene.