Yesimanjemanje bokwakha. Izitayela bokwakha. izitayela Modern bokwakha

Yesimanjemanje bokwakha nezobuciko ngezinye izikhathi kudidaniswe yesimanjemanje. kuwumbono oyiphutha lowo okunjalo kuyaqondakala, ngoba livela logic evamile: cognates ibonisani into efanayo, kodwa umkhuba kuhlukile. Nouveau - igama ichaza isikhathi zomlando ngokomongo yobuciko, kuyilapho yesimanjemanje - isiqondiso esiqondile, esibonakala okungaka nge izinto ezikhethekile, njengoba waiver of isipiliyoni nento ayegxila kuyo eminyakeni eyedlule.

Kungaba futhi kufanele ibhekwe hhayi kuphela njengoba wezakhiwo, kodwa futhi into zomlando. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, kwaba ukuhlolwa litmus ukuthi basabela konke okwenzeka hhayi kuphela emhlabeni kanye nomphakathi uwonke, kodwa futhi ezingqondweni ngabanye. Yesimanjemanje - isitayela umbono wokuphila, iwuphawu amathemba isikhathi.

Kuphi?

ethemini uqobo evela isiNtaliyane, lapho izwi modernismo elihunyushwe ngokuthi "yesimanje lonke." Ngokuvamile, izilimi kulo mqondo, ngokumangalisayo united - linencazelo ethi ayifane, futhi French izwi moderne, nesiNgisi - yesimanje.

Ukufika kombuso yesimanjemanje kwaba senziwa isifiso sokuthuthela ezingeni qualitatively entsha yokuphila zonke zako. Ikhulu ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha udale ihlelo isayensi injalo hypertrophied, okungase zibangelwa "hyperboloid of Engineers Garin" efanayo. Inani labantu base-Europe ku-yalolucwaningo 20 ka XX leminyaka iye sazilahla igalelo esidlule futhi kakhulu olusha izitayela bokwakha.

Ngokwezazi-mlando, ukuthuthukiswa yesimanjemanje uye wathola umfutho ngenxa ekuvukeleni kokubili kwezepolitiki kanye ezingqondweni zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba omusha kwaba yokusabela kuya okweqa bokubanga, uyisidala futhi affectedness, okwakukhona esivela okufanayo isitayela uVictoria. Catalyst sokuthuthukiswa steel yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe eziye ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa kudalwa izinto, ngaphambili ezingafinyeleleki ngenxa primitiveness yenqubo ukukhiqizwa.

ekuqaleni

Ngemibono yesimanjemanje ekuqaleni sabekwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Inqubo kwaba nzima kakhulu: ke kwakuxhomeke izinto kancane, ezibonakala kude izakhiwo. Le nkathi kwaphawulwa yokwanda umlando ukuthuthukiswa imboni. Baningi abantu bahamba beya emsebenzini yasemadolobheni amakhulu ngenxa ukuthutheleka izindlu ezintsha Baba izakhamuzi lilincane kakhulu, usheshe eyakhelwe izakhiwo ezintsha lapho ezindlini Kwakuqashwa zifiki. Hlobisa ekwakheni sobuhle bayo mbumbulu obonakaliswe Monograms, ekujaheni, zikhetha ukumelana austerity. Ngamanye amazwi, izakhiwo nengxenye kwekhulu le-19 yesibili wajaha izinzuzo kuphela esisebenzayo.

Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo yesimanjemanje

Izinto ezincane ungabheka isikhathi ngokungenamkhawulo eside, ngakho ukugxila amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo.

• izakhiwo Modern wadala imfashini kakhulu, Izimpahla eziphambili kakhulu futhi ukwakhiwa kuhluke yinqaba, ifomu angajwayelekile. Bayede kwezimboni revolution! Buildings eyakhelwe aphume ingilazi, zensimbi nokhonkolo. Ngenxa yokuthi amabhizinisi kakhulu esikhiqiza isitini zakudala, zazinolwazi oluncane kakhulu mayelana hardware, abaningi babo bahamba yimali, awukwazi ukujoyina igagasi elisha.
• Inhlangano isikhala yangaphakathi is ngamakhasimende ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza. Rationality ukubeka phambili, njengoba kuqhathaniswa engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX. Buildings abantu, hhayi abantu izakhiwo - konke kuncike lula wesintu, labasatfutfusa ezikhathini zanamuhla.
• Qedela renunciation izakhi zokuhlobisa enibaziyo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu. Ngokuvamile, welithi "lwaluthintwa" sa phansi njengoba bangakufanelekeli inkathi entsha, wancoma nokuhlanzeka esiqinile.
• Ukungabi sokuchema kazwelonke obonakaliswe ukwakhiwa eqondile isakhiwo noma nomklamo walo, ikusasa eyodwa yawo wonke.

yizimbaxa

Yesimanjemanje bokwakha ubonakala lahlotshaniswa nokuba yesimanjemanje, kodwa akulona iqiniso uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi uyasala, simisiwe Eighties kwekhulu elidlule. Kulokhu, lo mkhuba akuyona yonke - ngenxa luhlangotsi yayo nezinto ezinhlobonhlobo uye wadala eziningi amagatsha, ezingafani phakathi kwazo.

• Umklamo zemvelo. Uma kungenjalo, ibizwa ngokuthi organic. Kusukela igama ngokwayo kuyacaca ukuthi injongo lo mkhuba, Nokho, unendlela yawo "kodwa." Amalungu ubekwa ngaso enhliziyweni engokwemvelo, amafomu ezithambile esivela izinto zomhlaba, kanye izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kungukuthi njalo nomkhawulo "netshe, nokhuni." Into esemqoka ukuthi imithombo ziphephile, yakha - kuyinto begazi futhi landscape - zemvelo.
• Bauhaus. Ukusebenza njengoba injalo emsulwa. Gaudily-angenalutho isakhiwo, ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo izakhi okuhlobisa, inhlanganisela lula kanye Umbuso ncamashí ubuhle.
• Art Deco. Ekuhloleni yesimanjemanje isiqondiso kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lokhu acacile kakhulu, esinzima kunazo. Isitayela elivumelana nokuzethemba Ngokungafani Bauhaus, esekelwe geometry ngokugqamile, Eclecticism, njalo esiqinile (igumbi ngalinye futhi uvumelana nayo isikhathi kanye nendawo), isibindi amafomu futhi uzonxanela ngokuphahluka eningi ezintweni zokunethezeka akubheka njengokuhle oboniswe izinto boldest kusukela amazinyo endlovu ukuze lwengwenya.
• Brutalism. Ubonakaliswa ubuchwepheshe ezomile, akukho ukwelapha isakhiwo ebusweni. Njengoba kunjalo lapho igama ibonisa ngokugcwele okushiwo.
• Nemave. Umqondo oyisisekelo ukwenqaba noma yimuphi nakumasiko.
• Rationalism futhi Constructivism. izitayela Key izakhiwo zombuso waseSoviet Union, okwengeziwe ngalezi ngezansi.

Izinto nezibonelo

Isitayela yesimanjemanje bokwakha basungula bedle ngcono enkulu ekwakhekeni entsha izinto ubuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, kule ndawo ukweleta ukuzalwa kwaso kuso isisebenzi sesivini Zhozefu Mone, owadala ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu. Ngokuthakazelisayo esikuthole ke ngengozi: ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukuze nje enze isitshalo esitsheni, okwakuyoholela ukwanelisa zonke izidingo zakhe.

Ezakhiwe ezakhiwa kusukela kule ukhonkolo, zihlukaniswa kalula kunanini ngaphambili, omunye angase athi ngisho, ukudlala ngokumelene ingemuva evamile izakhiwo okukhulu kakhulu.

Yena wafumana kuqala isicelo ukwakhiwa zezimboni (akukubi ukuba impahla ekuqaleni kwakufanele abe kubhavu, akunjalo?), Futhi ke wathuthela ihogela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokhu ladalwa emangalisayo isikhathi, usebenza bokwakha, izibukeli amazing kanye nobukhulu bayo.

Lightness namandla ngcono kwagcizelela yesimanjemanje ukhonkolo. Isitayela bokwakha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaphenduka izwe:-ke kuvunyelwe ukwakha ezisekelweni ezedlulayo eziteshini, izindawo kanye nezipani emangalisa ngobukhulu nokuningi. Kufanele kushiwo njengesibonelo Crystal Palace eLondon, i-Brooklyn Bridge , futhi-ke, Dancing House ePrague. Lapha kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngokwehlukana.

Asiyikuzithoba ukudansa?

Ukwakheka inezingxenye ezimbili ngesimo amasilinda - omunye wabo senziwa isitayela zakudala, kanti eyesibili - in the elimazayo. Dancing indlu ngokuthi ngoba umumo ke yayo sifana owesifazane ukudansa - sibalo nge okhalweni mncane futhi egeleza isiketi kudala inkohliso ukunyakaza. Akubuzwa ukuthi lesi sakhiwo ngo Ngokuphambene izakhiwo classical ezimi ndawonye.

ISoviet Union

Yesimanjemanje bokwakha ayizange iphumelele kanye nezwe lethu. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile ngokwakhe eko kwekhulu elidlule, obonakaliswe iziqondiso rationalism futhi constructivism. Ake sicabangele ngayinye yalezi zinkulumo.

rationalism

Le nkulumo ihunyushwe ngokuthi ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin kusho uJehova "uyacabangela" futhi yilokho kuphela. ukubukeka kwakhe kwabangelwa elifanayo entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe. izidingo Tebuciko zabantu buye bashintsha, futhi eRussia - Monogram wakhala ngendlela emfushane, ngamunye ithwele umsebenzi othize. Ubuningi isikhala, ubulula, ukusebenziseka, bezama ukuthola ngokuphelele, akukho "ubuhle ngenxa ubuhle sika." Yesimanjemanje kwekhulu lama-20 esetshenziswa ezinye izindlela kwethonya bezibona umuntu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lena kokuqondisa ngaphezulu "bukhoma" kuka umlandeli wakhe constructivism: rationalism wazama ukwenza le izakhiwo esibushelelezi, kumnandi ukuba ngiziqonde imigqa nomumo.

Noma yimuphi mkhuba ngokuvamile uboshelwe ubuntu, hhayi sekudlule le ndebe futhi lesi sitayela. noMphefumleli ngemibono kanye umholi izitayela kwaba umakhi futhi uthisha Nicholas Ladovsky. Ngisho definition yakhe bokwakha kwakugcwele umsebenzi eliyingqayizivele: wabhala ukuthi izakhiwo usebenza nge isikhala kanye Isikhala uyisizinda sayo yonke sasifuna ukusho nabalandela rationalism. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngentuthuko zeminyaka ezidlule ezingazange sinqatshiwe, futhi ukwamukela kanye nenqubo ngokuhambisana imibono. Lokhu isiqondiso kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile kwetinhlavu isithombe esisha izakhiwo Soviet, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwaba ngaphansi ethandwa kuka constructivism, okuyinto liyihlale ezithendeni zakhe.

constructionism

Lokhu ngentuthuko design ukuthi waqokomisa yesimanjemanje kwekhulu lama-20 kusukela inani. Lokhu kuthambekela kungaba kubhekwe Apotheosis ka usizo ubuchwepheshe bamuva.

Amalungu aleli constructivism, ngokungafani rationalists, ikakhulu kugcizelelwe ukusebenza isakhiwo, kuyilapho bengayidebeseleli lula zabantu. Sanikezelwa umgomo enkulu ukugcwaliseka kwemibono ezithuthukayo. Izigigaba yesikhathi esidlule ngesankahlu sinqatshiwe, ukudala into entsha, ngokuphelele ezahlukene.

In practice, lokhu sekuholele ekutheni notorious isigodi-izindlu (e ezivamile "ohlanganyelwe"), okuyinto nullified kungenzeka enomunyu: ezincane amakamelo, okugeza wabelane elineshawa, ekhishini wabelane. Konke kuncike logic esiqinile nemithetho. Konke kwakukuhle ephepheni, kodwa okungezona obusebenzayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Uma singenisa jikelele, isitayela bokwakha Russian bangaleso sikhathi abazange omunye umgomo - ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuba angene esizayo, ukulahlekelwa emaketangeni yokujama tsi eminyakeni eyedlule futhi ahambe ngaso sonke usizo yesimanje, imigqa uhambisane ahlanzekile.

yesimanjemanje

Kuze kube manje, akukho isitayela esisodwa imfashini, angathathwa elisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Kala ukuyekelela avunyelwe ukuba izitike zonke sina - manje wonke umuntu owakha njengoba ebona. Nokho, kuzo zonke izinhlobo Kusengenzeka ukuhlukanisa izitayela elandelayo yesimanje yezakhiwo:

• Hi-tech - i Ode to entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, ukuphikiswa asebenzayo of engokwemvelo.
• Bio-tech - i Ode to nemvelo, okuphambene ngesigaba sokuqala: egeleza imigqa zemvelo, ukumbumbuluzwa we eziphilayo.
• Postmodernism - i Ode to mlando kanye eclectic quirkiness amafomu, shayela yesimanjemanje e yonke inkazimulo yayo.
• Kitsch - i Ode to Madness futhi ukunambitheka embi. Akunangqondo, ihaba imininingwane. Aesthetics kuyinto yesibili, into esemqoka - ukuphonsa inselele emphakathini kanye ukugqama esixukwini.

yi

Yesimanjemanje bokwakha uye ukhathele uqobo ukuba neminyaka engu-80-th kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Yiqiniso, izakhiwo ezakhiwa ngokuhambisana canons zalo, namanje isebenze ngempumelelo, kodwa yakhiwa into entsha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni ukuthandwa ngemuva, ayikwazi phansi empilweni yesimanjemanje - ke kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo bebonke.