I-chemistry Inorganic - Iyini? i-chemistry Inorganic kukharikhulamu esikoleni

Chemistry Yiqiniso ezikoleni iqala ebangeni 8 ukufunda izimiso jikelele isayensi: zichaza izinhlobo kungenzeka izibopho phakathi ama-athomu, izinhlobo crystal ngamahele kanye ezivamile izindlela ukuphendula. Lokhu kuba isisekelo ucwaningo esigabeni ezibalulekile, kodwa olucacile - inorganics.

Yini lena

i-chemistry Inorganic - isayensi uyazicabangela izimiso isakhiwo, izakhiwo eziyisisekelo futhi reactivity we ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa inorganics UMthetho Wezakhi, elawula ngezigaba esihleliwe izinto ukushintsha isisindo sabo, inombolo kanye nohlobo.

Inkambo kuhlanganisa compounds ezakhiwe ukusabela izakhi ithebula (ngaphandle kuphela esifundeni hydrocarbon, kubhekwe ezahlukweni organic). Imisebenzi kwamakhemikhali wezinto uvumele ukugcwalisa ulwazi theory practice.

Isayensi e zomlando

Igama elithi "i-wezinto ezingaphili" yavela ngokuhambisana umbono ukuthi ihlanganisa ingxenye ulwazi zamakhemikhali, ayixhunyiwe ne umsebenzi eziphilayo begazi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, liye kungase kutholakale ukuthi eziningi zomhlaba organic angakhiqiza futhi "non-aphilayo" kwakwakhe, futhi yiluphi uhlobo hydrocarbon kwemiqondo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Ngakho, ammonium cyanate, okuyinto usawoti izakhi-chemistry usosayensi Wöhler German kungaba synthesize urea.

Ukuze ugweme ukudideka ne ngesilwane esifuywayo kanye ngezigaba wohlobo ucwaningo uhlelo wesayensi amabili esikoleni futhi inyuvesi izifundo kufanele kube i-i-chemistry jikelele kuhilela ekutadisheni wezinto njengoba isiyalo ayisisekelo. Ezweni yesayensi igcinwa ukulandelana fanekiso.

amakilasi inorganics

Amakhemikhali okuphakelayo enjalo inikeza impahla lapho izahluko ezethula inorganically cabanga ngomthetho gqwa izakhi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba ngohlobo olukhethekile, ogxile nokucabanga ukuthi amacala e-athomu enuzi sinomthelela property izinto nezinketho idatha ziyahlukahluka cyclically. Ekuqaleni ithebula esakhiwe njengoba kukhombisa emikhulu yama-athomu mass izakhi, kodwa ngokushesha lwakheka uthando ukulandelana inikezwe kunqatshelwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwe-aspect lapho ezidinga ukucatshangwa ngale ndaba ndaba wezinto ezingaphili.

Chemistry, ngaphezu ishadi lesikhathi, kusikisela ukuba khona abangaba yikhulu bobunjwa, amaqoqo namagrafu okubonisa izakhiwo imvamisa.

Okwamanje ethandwa version elihlanganisiwe lazo kuhlolwe imiqondo ezifana amakilasi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi zinsika izici etafuleni kuthiwa esibekiwe kuncike izakhiwo physico-chemical, emigqeni - efana nomunye nezikhathi.

izinto Simple e inorganics

Isibonakaliso ethebuleni gqwa into elula esimweni khulula - ngokuvamile izinto ezimbili ezahlukene. Esimweni sokuqala sibonisa kuphela uhlobo oluthile ngama-athomu, okwesibili - uhlobo izinhlayiya lemagalagala ithonya labo mutual amafomu esitebeleni.

Chemical kunenze nisondelane e izinto ezilula ebangela ukuba uhlukanise umndeni. Ngakho, amaqembu amabili abanzi zinhlobo zama-athomu ungabahlukanisa - izinsimbi kanye non-izinsimbi. Umndeni wokuqala ahlanganisa namalungu 96 kusuka 118 wafunda.

izinsimbi

Metal uhlobo kusikisela uxhumano phakathi izinhlayiya of the gama elifanayo. Ukuxhumana esekelwe komphakathi ngehele electron, ebonakala omnidirectional futhi unsaturated. Yingakho insimbi kukhona babashayeli ezinhle ukushisa, inkokhiso, abe metallic ayebuthaka, malleability futhi ductility.

Evamile, izinsimbi abasele ishadi lesikhathi ngesikhathi emgceni locondzile kusukela boron ukuze astatine. Elements okuyizinto ezifanayo indawo kulesi umugqa, ngokuvamile umngcele nemvelo futhi babonakalise a webumbacambili izakhiwo (isib germanium).

Izinsimbi ifomu eyisisekelo kunazo kwakwakhe. I degree of namachibi izinto ezinjalo ngokuvamile ingeqi ezimbili. Ngaphansi metallicity uyanda futhi uya ngokuya lehla esikhathini. Ngokwesibonelo, francium enemisebe liveza impahla eziyisisekelo kuka sodium ne umndeni Halogen baye iodine ngisho avele ayebuthaka metallic.

Kuhlukile enkathini - sublevels igcwaliswe inert amagesi phambi okuyizinto izinto nge izakhiwo okuphambene. Esikhaleni ovundlile we ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi embukisweni izinguquko reactivity kusukela eziyisisekelo ukuze amphoteric esidi ngokusebenzisa. Izinsimbi - ezinhle ekunciphiseni ejenti (ukwamukela electron kumiswa izibopho).

Non-okusansimbi

Lolu hlobo ama-athomu zihlanganisa amakilasi ezinkulu yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wezinto ezingaphili. Non-okusansimbi hlala ngakwesokunene we ishadi lesikhathi, ngokuvamile bembonisa izakhiwo ene-asidi. I ngokuvamile atholakala izakhi idatha efomini compounds omunye nomunye (isib borates, sulfate, amanzi). Esikhathini khulula isimo yamangqamuzana it is ukuba khona kwe-sulphur, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen ezaziwayo. Kukhona futhi eziningana okungezona izinsimbi amagesi diatomic - ngaphandle ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla, lokhu kuhlanganisa i-hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro futhi iodo.

Ingabe izinto ngobuningi emhlabeni - ikakhulukazi abavamile silicon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo ne-carbon. Iodine, selenium futhi arsenic basakaza elincane kakhulu (lapha kungenzeka ukufaka ukucupha enemisebe nabangaqinile bakuhlanekezela, okuyinto zitholakala enkathini yokugcina etafuleni).

Esikhathini compounds of nonmetals liziphathe ogxile njengoba acid. Ingabe oxidants enamandla ngenxa kungenzeka sihlanganisa ama-electron ezengeziwe ukuqedela ezingeni.

izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi e inorganics

Ukwengezwa izinto okuyinto amelwa elinye iqembu kuma-atom ukuhlukanisa compounds ehlanganisa ukucupha eziningana ezahlukene. Izinto ezinjalo kungaba kanambambili (ehlanganisa izinhlayiya ezimbili ezahlukene), amathathu-, ezine-elementi nokunye.

-Elementi ababili izinto

Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ngokuqondene binarity molecule enamathiselwe kwamakhemikhali. Amakilasi compounds wezinto nazo kubhekwe ngokombono uxhumano obakhiwa athomu. Kungenzeka ionic, metallic, covalent (polar noma nonpolar) noma oxubile. Ngokuvamile ama-ejenti enjalo abonise ngokucacile eyisisekelo (i-stock metal), amphoteric (dual - ngokukhethekile ngoba aluminiyamu) noma esidi (uma kukhona into esimweni namachibi of +4 noma ngaphezulu) izinga.

Three-elementi abangane

Izihloko ukunikeza Inorganic Chemistry ukucabangela futhi lolu hlobo ama-athomu inhlangano. Zezakhi aqukethe amaqembu engaphezu kwemibili zama-athomu (ngokuvamile idili wezinto ngezinhlobo ezintathu-piece) zivamise kwamiswa iqhaza izingxenye ukuthi kuhluke kakhulu komunye nomunye e imingcele physicochemical.

izinhlobo olungenzeka zokuxhumana - covalent, ionic futhi edidayo. Ngokuvamile, ezintathu-elementi lwalezozinto ukuziphatha efana kanambambili iqiniso lokuthi bungamandla interatomic kakhulu namandla omunye: kancane elakhiwe okwesibili futhi unekhono Nqamula ku isixazululo ngokushesha.

Kuqala amakilasi Inorganic Chemistry

Iningi wafunda e Yiqiniso izinto wezinto ezingaphili kungenziwa kubhekwe ukuba ngezigaba elula ngokusho Ukwakheka zabo nezindawo. Ngakho, ukuhlukanisa hydroxides, acid, oxides nosawoti. Ukucutshungulwa nobuhlobo babo kungcono ukuqala isingeniso umqondo amafomu oxidised, okungaba cishe kunoma iyiphi izinto wezinto ezingaphili. I-chemistry abangane abanjalo ngawo eenhlokweni ku oxides.

oxides

Oxide kuyinto elibona nxazonke yimuphi isici chemical yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa esimweni namachibi elilingana -2 (njengoba peroxides -1 ngokulandelana). Bond kumiswa kwenzeka ngenxa electron umthelela nokwehlisa lawo O ₂ (lapho isici electronegative kakhulu mpilo).

Futhi kungase kube esidi, bese amphoteric, futhi izakhiwo eziyisisekelo kuye iqembu kuma-atom yesibili. Uma ngabe le zensimbi oxide ingeqi isimo +2 namachibi, uma-non-metal - kusuka 4 nangaphezulu. Amasampula kanye kwemigomo imvelo ezimbili izuzwe ukubaluleka 3.

acid inorganics

compounds esidi medium ukusabela angaphansi kuka 7 yi okuqukethwe hydrogen ka cations okuyinto bangaya isixazululo bese kamuva indawo ion metal. Ngokusho ngezigaba kukhona izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iningi acid ingalungiswa ngu diluting ngamanzi le oxides ohambelana, isib, in kwetinhlavu sulfuric acid emva hydration _{3 SO.}

Basic Inorganic Chemistry

I izakhiwo zezakhi zalolu hlobo ngenxa yokuba khona we hydroxyl olukhulu OH, okuvumela ukusabela imvelo ngenhla 7. elisekela alikhali-encibilikayo abizwa ngokuthi, bayizithunywa anamandla kakhulu kuleli kilasi izidakamizwa ngenxa dissociation ephelele (noqhekeko ku ion in the ketshezi). OH iqembu kwetinhlavu nosawoti ungayithola enye izinsalela ene-asidi.

i-chemistry Inorganic - isayensi ezimbili ezingaba ukuchaza ndaba ngelinye ihlo. Ngo base theory protolytic kubhekwe njengento hydrogen acceptors seka. Le ndlela yelula umqondo alesi sigaba izidakamizwa, alikhali ukushayela noma ikhemikhali angamukela proton.

nosawoti

Lolu hlobo compounds kutholakala phakathi izisekelo kanye acid, njengoba umkhiqizo ekusebenzelaneni kwabo. Ngakho, njengoba seka ngokuvamile ukhonza ion metal (ngezinye izikhathi ammonium, phosphonium noma hydronium) kanye izinto anionic - zinsalela acid. Lapho usawoti ukwakheka esikhundleni hydrogen ne enye into.

Kuye ratio reagents namandla maqondana nomunye kahle aphathe izinhlobo eziningana imikhiqizo ukuphendula:

• nosawoti eziyisisekelo etholakala uma amaqembu hydroxyl kungukuthi ukufaka endaweni ngokuphelele (izinto ezifana kukhona ane-alikhali ukuphendula naphakathi);
• nosawoti esidi akhiwa kunjalo okuphambene - beswele esisheshayo hydrogen base ngokwengxenye uhlala uxhumano;
• ezomhlaba eyaziwa kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyiqonda (noma evamile) isampula - abayikho umkhiqizo ephelele neutralization reagents ukwakha amanzi bese into kuphela seka metal noma Analogue yalo kanye moiety acid.

i-chemistry Inorganic - isayensi ehilela sokuhlukanisa ekilasini ngalinye ku izingcezwana eziyizinsalela, okuyinto ezibhekwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene: eyodwa - ngaphambi abanye - kamuva. Ngezinye isifundo ukujula ukuhlukanisa ngisho 4 izinhlobo nosawoti:

• Dual aqukethe anion esisodwa ebukhoneni cations ezimbili. Ngokuvamile izinto ezinjalo zibangelwa ukuhlanganisa nosawoti ezimbili okufanayo acid zinsalela, kodwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene.
• okuphambene ezixutshiwe of dlule fike: kuba ngesisekelo eyodwa seka ne anions ezimbili ezihlukene.
• Crystalline hydrates - usawoti, ku-formula okuyinto amanzi esimweni crystalline.
• Izakhiwo - izinto lapho seka, anion noma bobabili ivezwa ngendlela amaqoqo ne generator. nosawoti okunjalo ingalungiswa advantageously kusukela izakhi ze-B. iqeqebana

Njengoba nezinye izinto kwezinkulungwane zezinto eshabhu ku Inorganic Chemistry, okuyinto kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi nosawoti noma hydrides njengoba kungenzeka umuntu izahluko ulwazi nokuba kukhulunywe ngazo, nitrides, carbides futhi compounds intermetallic (compounds of izinsimbi eziningana, non-ingxubevange).

Imiphumela

i-chemistry Inorganic - isayensi iyathakazelisa zonke onguchwepheshe kulo mkhakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathalela izithakazelo zazo. Kuhlanganisa isahluko sokuqala, esikoleni ngale ndaba. Inkambo Inorganic Chemistry inikeza systematization lemiqulu emikhulu yolwazi ngokuhambisana ngezigaba kucacile futhi kulula.