Imibuso Anti-yeningi. kwemibuso yobushiqela kanye kobushiqela: izici eziyinhloko

I wezombusazwe isimo - indlela ukuhlela uhlelo ibonisa ukuthi isimo sengqondo seziphathimandla kanye nabamele umphakathi, inkululeko kwezenhlalo futhi impilo zomthetho wezwe.

Eziningi zalezi izakhiwo ngenxa izici bendabuko ezithile, isiko kanye nemibandela komlando kumiswa isimo. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi kunoma yiliphi izwe kwakhiwa politrezhim ayo akhethekile ehlukile. Noma kunjalo, ingxenye enkulu izici ezifanayo zingatholakala emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Scientific imithombo izincwadi zichaza izinhlobo ezimbili amadivayisi zenhlalakahle kanye zomthetho:

• Imibuso anti-yeningi;
• Imibuso yeningi.

Izimpawu emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi

Izici eziyinhloko ukuthi kukhona isici sokubusa ngentando yeningi yilezi:

• setulu izenzo zomthetho;
• amandla ehlukaniswa zinhlobo;
• ukuba khona kwalezi amalungelo ezombusazwe nezenhlalo izakhamuzi zakhona;
• emizimbeni kuqokwa;
• khona ukuphikiswa futhi umbono ziyafana.

izimpawu anti-intando yeningi

Ifomu anti-sikahulumeni wentando yeningi ihlukaniswe phezu kwemibuso yobushiqela kanye kobushiqela. Amandla ayo ayinhloko:

• kokubusa ephathini inhlangano eyodwa;
• igunya yefomu eyodwa ubunikazi;
• ukwephula amalungelo nenkululeko empilweni zezombangazwe;
• izindlela zokucindezela futhi sibhekwe kwethonya;
• ukwephula ithonya emizimbeni kuqokwa;
• nokuqinisa amandla esiphezulu;
• ukwenqatshelwa kokusetshenziswa kwabantwana khona izinhlangano iqembu eliphikisayo;
• mthetho polipartiynosti futhi inomysliya;
• isifiso isimo sika kuhlelembisa zonke izici zokuphila ubudlelwane nobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu.

Izimpawu kombuso kobushiqela (kobushiqela) nakho yokuthi namandla is bagxila ezandleni umuntu noma iqembu, kodwa ngaphandle emkhakheni wezepolitiki lilondolozwe ngezinga isihlobo enkululeko. kwenkululeko okunjalo kwezenhlalo kanye zomthetho kunoma isiphi isimo musa ukuphika izici lolu hlobo uhulumeni. Izici kombuso wobushiqela - luyaqina kokuqondisa iziphathimandla yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi.

izici Comparative

Izimpawu imibuso anti-yeningi

isimo kobushiqela oluvelayo uma namandla is bagxila ezandleni ongashadile noma iqembu labantu. Ngokuvamile kuhlangene ubushiqela kobushiqela. isakhiwo Ukuphikiswa ngalesi sikhathi akunakwenzeka, kodwa emkhakheni kwezomnotho, ezifana Impucuko noma ngasese, nesokuzibusa futhi ahlale abanye ngokubona.

amandla bobushiqela ikhiqizwa lapho zonke izici zokuphila yomphakathi zilawulwa isimo ukuze ulawula amandla (abantu noma amaqembu abantu), lapho kukhona khona ezweni eyodwa yawo wonke abakhileyo ezweni. Khona kwanoma isiphi inomysliya wadala igunya namandla zokulawula, ukuhlushwa amaphoyisa, impoqo. Okunjalo imibuso anti-yeningi zisenza sibe nobuntu yokwenziwa, okuyinto uthambekela nokulalela esingabheka kuzo lapho zonke izindaba zomphakathi.

amandla wobushiqela

Kobushiqela - isinqumo umbuso esibanzi, kokungenela angenamkhawulo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke emphakathini, esihlanganisa nokuba khona esimeningcondvo ukuphathwa nokulawulwa kwabo nokuqiniseka. Wona kanye umqondo welithi kwavela eko ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho ezinye ososayensi zezombusazwe wazama ukwehlukana sezenhlalo kanye izwe yeningi bese ubheka nokuqonda okucacile isimo sezenhlalo.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule kombuso wobushiqela

1. Ukuba khona eyodwa, ezinkulu party mass, okuyinto iholwa nasici (emehlweni abantu), umholi, futhi ngaphezu kwale - asize ngokuhlanganisa langempela iqembu futhi uhulumeni we timphawu tesakhiwo. Ngamanye amazwi, kungaba ngokuthi "isimo zangaphandle." Kukhona ongaphambili e isitebhisi phezulu ihlala ehhovisi lemcoka kulomkhakha party, futhi isimo kuyindlela yokuthola isingeniso empilweni lo wobushiqela platform uhlelo.

2. yinye futhi monopolization igunya. Okungukuthi, uma ziqhathaniswa impahla, imibono yenkolo normative, zezombangazwe (ukulalela nobuqotho bukaJesu kwaze kwaba party wobushiqela) eze abe ayisisekelo. Elahlekile ophakathi ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nezizimele lokhu umbuso (lizwe njengoba iqembu). Lonke indlela yokuphila yabantu bakhona is phansi isiqondiso, kungakhathaliseki, uhlamvu siqu (yangasese) noma umphakathi anakho. Iziphathimandla kuwo wonke amazinga eyenziwe ubushiqela indlela avaliwe ulwazi kanye non-idatha iziteshi.

3. olulodwa amandla emibonweni yabantu nasendleleni yabo esisemthethweni ukuthi ngokusebenzisa abezindaba, inqubo yokufunda, izindlela inkulumo-ze onikezwe labantu njengoba ilungile kuphela, indlela yokucabanga kweqiniso. Lapha, kugcizelelwa hhayi kumuntu, futhi "lombhishobhi" amagugu (ubuzwe, ubuhlanga nokunye. D.). Uphiko yomoya womphakathi libhekene ukungabekezelelani okweqile kanye inomysliyu "inodeystviyu", ngokuvumelana nomthetho ka "ongeyena nathi -. Noma ukuzolwa nathi?"

4. yikhona obungokoqobo nokuchapha, amaphoyisa isimo umbuso khona, lapho ngesisekelo imithetho main ubuswa lokhu okulandelayo: "uvunyelwe kuphela lokho sihlawuliswa yiziphathimandla, nakho konke okunye akuvunyelwe." Ukuze impumelelo yakhe kwakhiwa ghettos nasemakamu okuhlushwa, lapho zisebenzisa ukufukuziswa udlame olubhekiswe kubantu, nokucindezela intando civil ukungacasuki, lo monakalo omkhulu kangaka zabantu abangenacala.

Okunjalo wobushiqela ukulawula indlela zifakwe lamaKhomanisi bese undlovukayiphikiswa imibuso anti-yeningi.

authoritarianism

Umbuso kobushiqela - izwe nge indlela enjalo yokuphila, esibonakala umbuso abizele umuntu olulodwa ngesandla ukulawula indlela. Lokhu "ebucayini" phakathi kombuso wobushiqela yelinyenti, isigaba zesikhashana phakathi kwazo.

ukubusa kobushiqela pretty eduze imigqa wobushiqela zezombusazwe zokuphatha, kanye yentando yeningi - kwezomnotho, okungukuthi, abantu abangenandaba amalungelo abo ezombusazwe, wanika ukugcwala Economics.

Izici eziyinhloko umbuso kobushiqela

Lolu hlobo wokubusa anti-yeningi zombuso has izici ezilandelayo:

1. Unamandla angenamkhawulo, hhayi ngaphansi kokulawula kuyinto eyodwa ezandleni ongashadile noma iqembu labantu. Lokhu kungaba umashiqela, le Junta ezempi kanye nokunye.
2. umthelela ongaba futhi langempela ukucindezeleka phezu amandla. Le modi Awukwazi ukusebenzisa izenzo omkhulu zokucindezela ngisho ukujabulela ukuqashelwa ezanele iningi labantu. Noma kunjalo, uhulumeni abanakukwazi ukuphakamisa unyawo maqondana izakhamuzi zawo ukubenza ukulalela.
3. I monopolization kwamandla kanye nekhono zezombusazwe ukuphila, hhayi sivumele ukuba khona izinhlangano ukuphikiswa, ematheni, ezimele noma yini, imisebenzi zomthetho umphakathi. isimo esinjalo akuphazamisi ukuba khona esingenamkhawulo ukuthi izinhlangano Party nezinyunyana kanye nezinye izinhlangano, kodwa umsebenzi wabo akuwona amaza kuncike ukulawula futhi kulawulwa iziphathimandla.
4. Ukubuyekeza Izishoshovu yabaholi by self-umthamo wemvula, kunokuba mncintiswano esikhathini sangaphambi ukhetho, ukuntuleka izindlela ezingokomthetho ukuze lenqubekela phambili kanye nokusebenza ukudluliswa kwamandla. Okunjalo imibuso anti-yeningi ngokuvamile esebenzisa amasu okugumbuqela imibuso usebenzisa amabutho ahlomile futhi ukuphoqwa.
5. Iziphathimandla wahlanganyela kuphela ekuhlinzekeni ukuvikeleka siqu, ukuhleleka emphakathini, ngisho noma bekwazi ukuthonya izinto eziza kuqala ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukuze afeze inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle asebenzayo, ngaphandle kokubhubhisa isakhiwo siqu emakethe isiqondiso salo.

izici ezichazwe ngenhla ukunikeza izizathu bagomela ngokuthi umbuso kobushiqela - ". kuvunyelwe konke ngaphandle ezombusazwe" indlela uhulumeni nge moralism engaphelele

izinhlobo engeziwe kohulumeni bezombangazwe

Lapho uhlelo inceku lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo uhulumeni:

• despotic;
• angokwasezulwini;
• monarchical;
• ahlukile;
• yeningi.

Uhlelo amakhosi asendulo, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe yaba:

• lezempi-amaphoyisa;
• yentando yeningi;
• kwabefundisi-izinduna;
• absolutist;
• "Ezinolwazi" absolutism.

ama-apharathasi Onxiwankulu, ngokulandelana, ihlukaniswe yaba:

• yentando yeningi;
• undlovukayiphikiswa;
• ezempi namaphoyisa;
• Bonapartist.

Ukwahlukanisa nemibuso yezombangazwe SA Komarov

Imodi SA Komarov uhlukanisa amandla abantu ukuba:

• inceku;
• amakhosi asendulo;
• yobunxiwankulu;
• intando yeningi obuKhomanisi.

Imibuso Antidemocratic zihlukaniswe lezi zinqubomgomo ku:

• wobushiqela;
• undlovukayiphikiswa;
• autocratic.

Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe yaba umuntu (despotism, yisihluku, umuntu amandla imodi) kanye collective (the oligarchy futhi Izicukuthwane).

nemibuso yezombangazwe esigabeni samanje

Ngesikhathi sigaba okwamanje kukholakala ukuthi intando yeningi - imodi eziphambili kakhulu, njengoba kuqhathaniswa yimuphi wengcindezelo. Lokhu akunembile. Abukho ubufakazi obungokomlando kusikisela ukuthi uthi yobushiqela (inxenye ethile) zikhona ngempumelelo ngempela futhi yenze imisebenzi yayo, isibonelo eDemocratic Yabantu Republic of Korea. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ekubuseni kobushiqela kakhulu akwazi ukulungiselela wonke umphakathi isimo ukuze kulungiswe (hhayi ezingabalulekile futhi kunzima) izinkinga ezithile isimo.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSoviet Union wakwazi ukunqoba ekusebenzeni yalwa eJalimane lobuNazi, nakuba eJalimane wobushiqela ekuqaleni imisebenzi yezempi kakhulu kudlulwe amandla ayo amabutho ezempi yangaphakathi. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, ngale ndlela izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi zomthetho idale ukukhula irekhodi kwezomnotho-USSR. Ngisho noma lokhu yafinyelelwa kwezindleko. Ngakho, wobushiqela kanye izindlela onegunya zinezikhathi njengoba izinhlangothi noma kube kubi.