"ITestamente Elidala Elithathu": incazelo yesithonjana

Imfundiso eyinhloko yobuKrestu iyimfundiso yabantu abathathu bodwa okuyisisekelo sikaNkulunkulu, oyiZiqu Zintathu Ezingcwele. Lezi zintathu ezitholakala kuye nguNkulunkulu uBaba, uNkulunkulu iNdodana futhi uNkulunkulu uMoya oNgcwele akahambisani futhi akwazi ukuhlukaniswa. Ngamunye wabo ukubonakaliswa kwesinye sezici zalo. I-Holy Church ifundisa ngobunye obuphelele boZiqu-zintathu, okwenza umhlaba, osebenza kuwo futhi ungcwelise.

Isithombe soZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele ku-iconography

UZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele kuyindaba yendabuko ye-iconography yama-Orthodox. Kodwa njengoba isithombe esivelele sikaNkulunkulu siyoba ukwephulwa komqondo wokuphakade nokungaqondakali kwayo, okuvezwe ngamazwi kaMvangeli we-Evangelist John: "Akekho owake wabona uNkulunkulu futhi engalokothi", kuyisiko ukusebenzisa imifanekiso yakhe engokomfanekiso, eyinhloko iTestamente Elidala Eliyintathu.

Ukudalulwa kwalesi sithombe, abadwebi bezithonjana bavame ukubuyela esithombeni sendawo esichazwe esahlukweni 18 sencwadi yeGenesise. Kwakubizwa ngokuthi "Ukwamukela izihambi u-Abrahama". Ivesi 1 kuya ku-18 lisitshela indlela ukhokho ukhokho u-Abraham, ngesikhathi sokuphumula komhla, ehlonishwa ukuvakashela amadoda amathathu. Ebona ngamehlo angokomoya ukuthi emfanekisweni wabo uNkulunkulu uqobo wabonakala phambi kwakhe, uAbrahama wabahlonipha kakhulu labo abafika.

Kwakuyinto yesehlakalo eyaba isisekelo somdwebo wezithombe zendabuko - uZiqu-zintathu eTestamente Elidala. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla, ukungabi namathuba okumelelwa ngokuqondile kuMdali wezwe, amakhosi asebenzisa izibonakaliso emisebenzini yabo, eyaba yindlela yabo eyinhloko yokuchaza. Ngakho wangena emlandweni, ehlelwe yisibusiso sabaphathi bamasonto, ukumela amadoda ayevakashele u-Abrahama ngesimo sezingelosi ezintathu.

Ukubukeka koZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele kuyiziqephu ezinhle

Ngesikhathi sokuqala izithombe lapho iTestamente Elidala Elimelwe zimele khona kubonakala ngekhulu lesibili lemikhumbi ezindongeni zamathambo aseRoma, lapho amaKristu okuqala enza imisebenzi yombuso evela ngasese ezikhulwini zobuqaba. Le miidwebo ayingakahambelani nama-canon asetshenziswe emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, futhi izigcawu ezinikezwe kubo zazibukeka sengathi ziyimlando. Kodwa kakade kule nkathi, abaculi abangaziwa bazama ukugcizelela ukufana kwazo zonke izivakashi ezintathu zika-Abraham.

Kamuva inkolo yabonakala igama elithi "isoequality", elibonisa amalungelo alinganayo abahambi. Emidwebeni yodonga lwamabutho aseRoma, kugcizelelwa ngokuzikhethela ngamabomu kanye nezingubo zabayeni abathathu. Kancane kancane, isithombe sezimenywa ezavakashela ukhokho weTestamente Elidala saqala ukuthatha uhlamvu olungokomfanekiso, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiko lokubonisa ngesimo sezingelosi sathuthuka.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi indaba ethi "iTestamente Elidala YamaTestamente" ivame ukuhunyushwa ngezihumusho ezimbili - i-iso-fairy kanye ne-isoefalic. Esimweni sokuqala, njengoba kucacile kusukela kulelo gama ngokwayo, ngokulingana okuphelele kwesakhiwo, ukulingana okufanayo kwezingelosi ezintathu kugcizelelwe. Ngesibili, omunye wabo angahlukaniswa ngosizo lwe-halo, umfanekiso wesiphambano noma ukubhaliswa okufanelekile.

UMose we-basilika lasendulo

Ngaphandle koZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele, esinye sezithombe zasendulo kakhulu emadongeni ama-catacombs yi-mosaic yekhulu le-5 e-Arc de Triomphe yesonto lamaRoma laseSanta Maria Maggiore. Ukwakhiwa kwesithombe kunzima kakhulu. Ibonakala ngokuhlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili. U-Abraham, ogijima ukuyohlangabeza abahambahambayo, uboniswa phezulu, okunye okuzungezwe i-halo ekhanyayo - uphawu lwezingcwele, futhi ephansi kunetafula elimboziwe, ngemuva kwezivakashi ezihlala kuzo. Inkosi yendlu u-Abrahama iboniswa kabili - izivakashi ezikhonzayo futhi iyala umkakhe uSara. Isizinda sinohlobo oluthile olucebile ngombhoshongo - ngokusobala, indlu ka-Abrahama kanye ne-Mamvrean oak, ngaphansi kwalowo mhlangano.

Inguqulo yokugcina yokwakheka

Ekhulwini le-XIV, ukubunjwa kwezithombe ezikhombisa uBuZiqu-zintathu Ezingcwele kuye kwavela ngendlela okubhaliwe ngayo amasampula akhe ekhazimulayo. Lokhu kuboniswa yisithonjana sikaTrinth Zyryansky, esidalwe ngalesi sikhathi futhi sibhekiswe ekuqhutshweni kukaSt. Stephen of Perm. Kuvame ukukholelwa ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi isimo sitholwa kuqala, isikhungo sokubunjwa yiziphi izingelosi ezihlezi ngemuva kwetafula.

U-Andrei Rublev: "UZiqu-zintathu ZeTestamente Elidala"

Mayelana nalomsebenzi wabhalwa futhi wathi okuningi. Futhi lokhu akulona ngengozi, ngoba phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ezibhalwe ngendaba ethi "Isihambi sika-Abrahama", indawo ekhethekile ibanjwe "iTestamente Eliyintathu Emithathu" uRublev. Ngokombono ongavumelani wobuciko bezazi-mlando kanye nabo bonke abadwebi bomdwebo odala waseRussia, lo mculi wazuza izinga eliphezulu lokudalulwa kwezinto ezingokomoya zikaThathu. Lo msebenzi, owadalwa ngekhulu le-XV, waba omunye wezithombe ezidume kakhulu zaseRashiya.

Isixazululo sokuhlanganiswa kwesithombe sivelele kakhulu. Izibalo zezingelosi, njengokungathi, zibhalwe engqungqutheni engabonakali, zifanekisela ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mculi uthola umphumela lapho umbono wombukeli ungahlali khona kunoma yikuphi kubo, kodwa uhlala ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi kwesikhala esakhiwe yiwo, isikhungo semastic esinobhebhe enenhloko yecundlu lomhlatshelo. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi inkulumo yenkulumo engathuliyo iyenzeka.

Izimpawu zobuKristu esithombeni sikaRublev

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi "iTestamente Elidala Elithathu" isithonjana esinezici ezingokomfanekiso eziveza izimfundiso eziyisisekelo zobuKristu. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi isizinda sokubonisa izibalo zezingelosi yindlu, isihlahla kanye nentaba. Izithombe zabo zigcwele incazelo yokukhonkolo. Ngakho, ingelosi ngakwesobunxele ifanekisela uNkulunkulu uBaba. Lokhu kuboniswa ngumfanekiso wendlu obekwa phezu kwakhe - amakamelo ka-Abrahama, okuhambisana nomzuzu wokuqala wokuxoxwa kukaNkulunkulu okwenziwe ngentando yakhe.

Isihlahla somuthi saseMamvreys, esiboniswe ngenhla komuntu ophakathi, sichazwa ngokungaqondile njengomuthi wokuphila, futhi sihlotshaniswa neziphambano zomsindisi. Ngakho-ke, umbukeli akanakuzaza ukuthi umuntu oyinhloko wokwakheka umbhali wayeveze iNdodana kaNkulunkulu, uJesu Kristu.

Ngokuqondene nesibalo sengelosi engakwesokunxele, ukusikisela kwesimo salo yiyo intaba ekhonjisiwe ngenhla - uphawu lokuphakama okungokomoya, oluqaphela ngokusebenzisa isenzo se-hypostasis yesithathu yoMoya oNgcwele. Izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zixhunywe nesithombe sezintaba eBhayibhelini. Lesi sipho sezibhebhe zesivumelwano eSinayi, ukuguqulwa kweNkosi eNtandokazi nokukhuphuka eNtabeni Yeminqumo eYerusalem.

Kumele kuqashelwe futhi omunye umqondo obalulekile, oveza "UZiqu-zintathu eTestamente Elidala." U-Andrei Rublev empilweni yakhe enhle kakhulu wakwazi ukudala umboniso wobunye beqiniso nobuthando beqiniso. Izibalo zakhe, ngaphandle kokunyakaza okusebenzayo, futhi njengokungathi zibhapathiwe ekuzindleni okungenakufuduka, zigcwele ukuxhumana okuthula. Ngaphambi kwamehlo ombukeli kufika inqubo yokukhulumisana namandla aphezulu aqukethwe ngaphakathi kwama-hypostases amathathu kaNkulunkulu.

Icon of Simon Ushakov

Esinye isithonjana siyaziwa kabanzi, "iTestamente Eligugu LaseTestamente Elidala", umlobi walo ophethe i-Silver Chamber ngaphansi kwe-Armory Order ye-Moscow Kremlin uSimon Ushakov. Lalotshwa ngo-1667. Ekubunjweni kwalo u-Ushakov "weTestamente Eligugu Elithathu" kulandela isiko likaAndrei Rublev. Kuyo isimo esifanayo sesenzakalo sabafokazi ku-ukhokho u-Abrahama esethulwa, futhi futhi izibalo zezingelosi zibhaliwe embuthanweni, zakha umqondo wobunye obunye phakathi kombukeli. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi unezici zawo siqu.

Ukuhlobisa, okwakumele kube khona ukufanekisa

Kulula ukubona ukuthi izingelosi zika-Ushakov, nakuba ziseduze ekudwebeni kwazo emifanekisweni ekhonjiswe esithombeni sikaAndrei Rublev, zihluke kubo emzimbeni oweqile nangokwemvelo. Amaphiko abo, ahlolwe ngokucophelela, abonakala enzima futhi engakwazi ukuphakamisa ngisho nemimoya ephikisiwe emoyeni.

Ukuhlukana kwemibandela kufaka isizinda, okumelela isimo sonke. Uma uRublev ekhona, okokuqala, kusho okungokomfanekiso, kanti u-Ushakov, kunalokho, ukuhlobisa. I-landscape enhle nje nge-palazzo yasendulo, intaba nomuthi ovelele. Lo mbhali esithombeni esithi "iTestamente Elidala YamaTestamente" cishe wayenqaba zonke izimfanelo zomhlaba ezintathu zokubaluleka kwazo okungokomfanekiso. Ngisho nokubuka okubhekayo kubo kunokwanele ukukhumbula imininingwane enjalo emidwebo ye-Veronese.

Umhlobiso wetafula uheha futhi ukunakwa. Uma kulinganiselwe kuRublev kuphela ngesitsha esisodwa sinenhloko yethole, ebuye egcwele incazelo engokomfanekiso futhi iqondisa imicabango yombukeli ukuba icabange ngomhlatshelo wesihlengo weNdodana kaNkulunkulu, kulokhu umdwebi wagcizelela ukukhonza okucebile kuhlanganise nomdwebo omuhle wezihlalo zangasese. Inqwaba enjalo yokuhlobisa akuyona isici sesithonjana.

UZiqu-zintathu weTestamente Elisha

Isakhiwo sezithombe ezichazwe ngenhla sithathwe eTestamente Elidala, ngakho-ke zibizwa ngokuthi "uZiqu-zintathu eTestamente Elidala". Kodwa asikwazi ukungazinaki izithombe ezivame ukuhlangana zeTestamentamente Elisha Elisha - enye inguqulo yesithombe seZiqu Zintathu. Isekelwe emazwini kaJesu Kristu, anikezwe eVangelini likaJohane: "Mina noBaba sinye." Kulendzaba, ama-Divine hypostases amathathu aboniswa yizithombe zikaNkulunkulu uBaba ngesimo somdala onobuhlungu obukhulu, uNkulunkulu iNdodana, okungukuthi, uKristu, ngesimo sendoda eneminyaka ephakathi nendawo noMoya oNgcwele njengendlela Yamajuba.

Izinketho zezithombe zeTestamente Elisha Entsha

Le ndaba iyaziwa ezinhlokweni eziningi ze-iconographic, ezihlukile komunye nomunye, isithombe esikhulu sesimo, izibalo ezivezwe kuso. Okuvamile kunazo zonke yi "Sopostolie", limelela ukuboniswa kwangaphambili kukaNkulunkulu uBaba noNkulunkulu iNdodana ehlezi ezihlalweni zobukhosi noma emafwini, futhi ehamba phezu kwabo iNdwala - uMoya Ongcwele.

Enye indaba eyaziwayo ibizwa ngokuthi "Babaland". Kulo, uNkulunkulu uBaba uboniswe esihlalweni sobukhosi nguMsindisi uEmmanuel, ehlezi esifubeni sakhe futhi ebambe iqhaza ekukhanyeni okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphakathi kwalo kufakwe isithombe esingokomfanekiso soMoya oNgcwele ngesimo seNjuba.

Izingxabano mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukubonisa uNkulunkulu uBaba

Kunezinye izinguqulo zemibala yezithombe zeTestamente Elisha Entsha, njengokuthi "Ukubethelwa KwasePhileni kaYise," "Ukukhanya Okumi Phakade," "Ukuthumela KukaKristu Emhlabeni," nabanye abaningi. Nokho, naphezu kokusakazeka kwabo, phakathi kwezazi zemfundiso yenkolo emakhulwini eminyaka izingxabano mayelana nokufaneleka kwezinto ezinjalo aziyekanga.

Abaphikisayo bafuna ukuthi, ngokusho kweVangeli, akekho oke wabona uBaba kaNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukumbonisa. Ukusekela imibono yabo, bakhuluma ngeCreathedral enkulu yaseMoscow yase-1666-1667, isigaba sama-43 esivimbela ukubonakaliswa kukaNkulunkulu uBaba, okwathi ngesikhathi sakhe okwaholela ekuhoxisweni ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe eziningi.

Abaphikisi babo futhi basekela izitatimende zabo eVangelini, becaphuna amazwi kaKristu: "Lowo ongibonile mina ubone uBaba." Ngandlela-thile, kodwa iTestamente Elisha Entsha, naphezu kokuphikisana, iqhamuka ngokuqinile eziqhingini zezithombe, ehlonishwa yiSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Ngandlela-thile, zonke izinhlobo ezibalwe zeTestamentamente Elisha elisha zavela ngasekupheleni kobuciko baseRussia. Kuze kube sekhulwini le-XVI, babengaziwa.