Kuyini amber? amber ukuminyana

Amber - i resin lasendulo lapho usebhekene fossilization. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ubudala amber - iminyaka engaphezu kuka-40 million. Lokhu kuzosetshenziswa izinto ezinikeza amandla organic, okuyinto usezuze kwabantu ngaphansi kwethonya izimo zemvelo yaphenduka itshe enhle elikhanyayo. Yiziphi izici inhlaka, amaminerali kwabantu kanye nezinye izakhiwo, kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni.

ubunjalo bomzimba Jikelele

Amber iphathelene namaminerali organic hhayi ukwakha zinhlayiya. Chemical ifomula - C10H16O, ehlanganisa succinic acid kuqukethwe isamba 3-8%. Amatshe misela emhlabeni, kukhona izinhlayiya izinambuzane izitshalo, okuyinto ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi embonini ubucwebe.

Mineral libhekene Izakhiwo ezilandelayo:

• Nobulukhuni ngaphakathi 2-2.5-3.
• Transparency - egcwele, aphakathi nendawo, ukuntula obala.
• Shine - glass.
• Ukuhlakazwa kanye pleochroism kungenzeki.
• Luminescence - emthunzini bluish-elimhlophe oluhlaza njengotshani noma ephuzi.
• Singasho gesi ngaphansi ukuhilizisana.

Amber oncibilikayo ezinye hydrocarbon e ukusabela zamakhemikhali.

amafomu amaminerali ngokwemvelo

Esifana nesikaNkulunkulu, inhlaka esizayo ngesimo izinhlangano bonke osayizi kulezi zindawo:

• ku iziqu emva ukugeleza resin ngokhuni,
• ngaphansi amagxolo, e agcwalise nezinye izimbotshana.

Eduze-surface osenyameni zenzeka ngendlela sinters iconsi emise amapuleti eyayihambisana mshini futhi amahlumela, amagxolo, sesihlahla.

Kuphuma uketshezi vnutristvolnyh izingxenye bakha ipuleti ngilugweda nge imiphetho emincane.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amaminerali ihlanganisa uqweqwe amnyama. Uhlonze lwalo - kusuka 1 kuya ku 4 mm. Ngempatho akuphelele ngokuvamile uthola umbala ezithakazelisayo itshe. Weathering uqweqwe ivikela amaminerali iminyaka.

Secondary amafomu itiyela KULETHA ukuthi akhiwa amanzi olwandle futhi umfula, izimo glacial futhi Geological, babe Ubukhulu ezincane ngaphandle primary.

Isisindo kokuba wathola amber izingcezu kungenzeka kusuka amafraktjhini ambalwa igremu ukuze amakhilogremu eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu.

I amber ngobukhulu e Museum yaseLondon zomlando, isisindo sayo - 15 kg 250 amagremu.

inhlanganiso

Professionals kanye abathanda amaminerali ngokuvamile abanesifiso umbuzo, uyini kwabantu amber. On lale mpahla futhi uphambili.

Mineral inhlaka, ogama konga 0.97-1.10, iphathelene kwebalingisi lokhu amanzi asolwandle. Okungukuthi amanzi olwandle has kwabantu efanayo. Ngakho-ke, olwandle zamatshe pops up, futhi amanzi ahlanzekile - kunalokho. Yingakho amaminerali uzinzile ngakho futhi akusho idlulele izigidi zeminyaka.

Ngo ulwandle amber izingcezu ukuntanta ngokukhululekile phezulu. Ngezinye ingashintshiwe amber konga ku ezahlukene 1 kuya 1.18 g / cm³. It kukalwa enesisindo in uketshezi esindayo. Ngo saseLviv kuyinto inhlaka, okuyinto kwabantu esiphezulu. Nanguya 1.14. Esikhathini Carpathians kanye Maritime amber ukuminyana lingaphansi kakhulu. Ochwepheshe kunqunywa ku ezahlukene 1,04-1,1 g / cm ^3.

Uyini kwabantu amber e amakhophi ezishintshwe? Lokhu ipharamitha badlula amaminerali kakhulu kunalokhu. Kuyinto 1.08 g / cm³. Ngokuqondile uqweqwe brown weathering kwabantu of 116 g / cm³. Kwabantu esiphezulu amber e g / cm3 zezinhlobo badlula iyavela kwamadwala Ciscarpathia, kuba elilingana 1,15-1,22.

Yini enquma lesi silinganiso? Kwezinye izimo, le ukuminyana itshe kuhlobene khona ukungcola kuwo. Lokhu kungaba yensimbi, nitrogen, isibabule aluminium. Emadwaleni nensimbi ukungcola has kwabantu esiphezulu inhlaka, kg / M3 kuba 1220. Nokho, kwezinye izimo, kuphawulwa ubuhlobo okuphambene. Lapho ochwepheshe ukulinganisile lokho kwabantu amber eduze eLvov, salotshwa isimo okuphambene. Kulezi idatha, ososayensi baye bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi inhlanganiso amaminerali kunqunywa ukubunjwa resin kuyiphi kwamiswa edwaleni.

Ngakho, kwabantu isilinganiso amber - 1100 kg / m³, lena ukubaluleka ezithathwe zesayensi kanye bamakhemikhali e ukubalisisa kwabo.

Ezinye izimpahla ngokomzimba

Ilangabi ikhandlela uyakwazi Ncibilikisa amaminerali, kanye ezingeni lokushisa 250-300 ° C uqala ubilise. Lapho itshe evuthayo iqala singafukameli, ukushiswa nephunga kusukela resin. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi simo ukuhlukanisa eyiqiniso kusuka amaminerali yokufakelwa.

NgeNkathi Ephakathi wasebenzisa impahla amaminerali ukushicilela emangalisayo iphunga anenhlaka lapho evuthayo, futhi fumigated egumbini.

Of amber uwoyela eyatholakala futhi rosin acid.

Ikhono mineral ukuba gesi by friction, abese nalokho bakhangwa izinhlayiya ezihlukahlukene esihle. Impahla elaqala ukutholwa nge isazi yamaGreki asendulo Thales. Kamuva, ekutholeni namalangabi amber blue ngesikhathi ngomshikisho yoboya, amaminerali ngokuthi ama-electron.

Stone ine omuhle kakhulu ukwahlukanisa kagesi.

idiphozi

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke inhlaka ezifakwa kukhona Palmnikenskoe ku Kaliningrad esifundeni. Lapha e kwenhlabathi ezifakwa olubanzi amaminerali. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi u-90% kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela emhlabeni basuke bagxila itshe kwendawo, ukuba yobudala engamashumi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50.

Palmnikenskogo Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Kaliningrad esifundeni unezinye endaweni ezimbili amber: Seaside futhi ebhishi. amaminerali isizinda is olwenziwa umsebenzi ngokuphula namanzi Jets ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi izakhiwo.

Ngokwesilinganiso, njalo imitha cubic komhlaba kuyinto 500-600 amagremu amaminerali, kodwa kukhona izindawo 4.5 kg / m³. I-annual ukukhiqizwa umthamo amaminerali kuyinto 300-350 wamathani.

ezifakwa Small atholakala e-United States, eCanada, eMexico, Romania, eJalimane, Dominican Republic, Ukraine.

zinhlobo

Emvelweni kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi kuleli tshe emangalisayo, inombolo yabo idlula 200. I ezivamile:

1. Succinite - edume kunazo zonke izinhlobo. Iqukethe semali succinic acid. umbala Succinite - omhlophe, ophuzi, osawolintshi, obomvu.
2. Gless - itshe ensundu, okuyinto ayinakho obala.
3. Gedanit - amaminerali Yellow ngaphandle succinic acid ngezithako zawo, has brittleness okusezingeni eliphezulu ngoba lemali okungenani oxygen.
4. Stantienit - ezinodaka black onsundu amaminerali ukuthi ine brittleness okusezingeni eliphezulu.
5. Bokkerit - mineral brown ukukhanya-Friend.
6. Kistsellit - ophuzi noma umnqumo amber.
7. Shraufit - amaminerali obomvu noma ophuzi-obomvu.
8. Blue Amber - izinhlobo eziyivelakancane, okwenzeka eDominican Republic. Kunzima kakhulu, kuyakhanya ebumnyameni. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lokhu yezimbiwa sivela ukungcola ka umlotha wentaba-mlilo.
9. Green amber - futhi ikhophi Dominican Amasimu. umbala amaminerali Lokho kwenzakala ngenxa carbon inclusions.

Umbala obala

amber umbala Palette sibanzi kakhulu - kusuka ngezinyo lendlovu abamnyama. Ngisho kwelinye ucezu amaminerali zingahlangana ngamazinga ahlukene obala. Amatshe lamadigri obala obuhlukahlukene zihlukaniswe zibe:

• esinamafu;
• angenisa ukukhanya;
• ithambo;
• frothy.

Naphezu ukuhlukahluka amber has uju okungcono efudumele futhi anemibala yellow. Ezimweni ezingavamile fixed nombala oluhlaza njengesibhakabhaka - yokukhanya yasezulwini ukuze cornflower blue.

Yini enquma intengo amaminerali?

Inani kuncike usayizi amaminerali ucezu nombala walo.

Sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe uhlobo ebaluleke kunayo amber emhlophe. Ochwepheshe bathi kuvele izinhlekelele ezifana nalezi ukungcola okungenani, futhi amandla okwelapha emihle kakhulu.

AmaShayina futhi Japanese ukujabulela izinto ezinhlobonhlobo cherry umbala, ngokuthi "igazi udrako". Lezi amadwala basonta amalungu omkhaya yokubusa.

UMbusi Rima Neron ayethanda jet.

In Sicily, kukhona esicace amber ilangabi-ezinemibala.

Uhlobo eqolo kubhekwa ubukhulu obungapheliyo, nezinhlayiyana amaminerali okufakwe lapha nge izinambuzane, izilwane, kanye nabanye. Amber Akaziwa, ngaphakathi okuyinto equkethwe isibankwa. Esimweni esinjalo yokumlandela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Kodwa izibonelo ezinjalo awavamile.

Emlandweni lwesayensi amber obomvu, kamuva waqala uthanda igolide.

Emazweni empumalanga, okuyigugu ngokukhethekile kukhona kwezinhlobo ezimhlophe amaminerali ukuthi zinika okwelapha enamandla.

Namuhla, izinga ubhekwa amaminerali ephuzi umbala umfaniswano.

ayelapha

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, itshe eyabiwe ayelapha. Lokhu kungenxa ingxenye succinic acid okuyinto bio-stimulator.

I amaminerali isetshenziswa izifo ezifana:

• umphimbo obuhlungu;
• yegilo;
• isifo indlebe;
• ukuhlaselwa kwakhe isifuba somoya;
• Arthritis.

Namuhla, amaminerali liyasetshenziswa:

• ukuthi uyoqeda ubuhlungu ekhanda;
• ekwelapheni angina;
• ubuhlungu emalungeni;
• ukuthuthukisa umzimba;
• ekukhuliseni amasosha omzimba;
• ukuzinza of wamathumbu umsebenzi;
• nokuqedwa izinqubo ukuvuvukala.

Kukholakala ukuthi inhlaka ukulapha noma isiphi lwesimila.

Ngo imithi ehlukile esetshenziswa amber izinto kusukela chips itshe kunezelwa imithi.

Abelaphi bakholelwa ukuthi amaminerali kuba nomphumela omuhle emzimbeni womuntu futhi kungasiza kusuka yisiphi isifo.

isicelo

Mineral ngenkuthalo isetshenziselwe ukudala ubucwebe. Succinic acid itholakala kunemithi noma amaphilisi owaphuzayo, futhi libuye lisetshenziswe umkhakha wezolimo ayinyuse umkhiqizo. Bemithi esetshenziswa amber ukwenziwa enamels nopende. Lacquered ikhava amber izingcezu ifenisha, izintambo, izimbiza for ukuwafaka. Nge izakhiwo ezinhle nangokuvikela, inhlaka yisivikelo kuphuma kule lobuchwepheshe nsimu.