Lo mqondo uvela egameni lesiLatini elithi civis, elingasetshenziswa ngokuthi "civil" noma "isimo." Ngomqondo ongenamhlanje noma ongaphansi kwesikhashana, okokuqala kukhulunywa yi-French Enlightener Victor Mirabeau. Ngokwekuqonda kwakhe, impucuko iyisethi yemigomo ethile yomphakathi ehlukanisa Umphakathi wesintu kusukela ebukhona bezilwane: ulwazi, ukuhlonipha, ukunciphisa ukuziphatha, ukuhlonipha njalonjalo. Leli gama liphinde likhulunywe emsebenzini womunye ifilosofi ovelele wenkathi - uScotsman Adam Ferguson. Kuye, impucuko iyisiteji ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi wesintu. UFerguson wabona umlando njengentuthuko eqhubekayo yenkambiso yabantu (ukubhala, amadolobha, inhlalakahle) - kusukela e-barbarism kuya emasikweni athuthukile. Ngomqondo ofanayo, umqondo walesi sifundo ususelwe ekucwaningweni kwezazi zefilosofi zamuva, izazi-mlando kanye nezomphakathi. Kubo bonke, impucuko ingumqondo, indlela eyodwa noma enye ehlanganiswe nomphakathi wesintu futhi enesethi yezinto ezibonisa lo mphakathi. Noma kunjalo, izindlela zishintshile. Ngokwesibonelo, iMarxists, impucuko iyisiteji ekuthuthukiseni amandla emiphakathi yomkhiqizo.
Indlela yomlando ka-Arnold Toynbee
Isibonelo esithakazelisayo senqubo yomlando sahlongozwa yisazi-mlando saseNgisi u-Arnold Toynbee. Emisebenzini yakhe edumile "Ukuqonda Umlando", ehlanganisa imiqulu eminingana, ubheka wonke umlando wemiphakathi yabantu njengengxenye engeyona engqayizivele yemvelaphi, ukuthuthukiswa nokunciphisa imiphakathi ephuma ngezikhathi ezahlukene nasezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Izici zomunye Umphakathi we-Civilizational uchazwe kubo ngezimo ezahlukene zemvelo yangaphandle: isimo sezulu sendawo, omakhelwane bomlando, njalonjalo.
Le nqubo u-Arnold Toynbee wabiza umthetho wenselele nokuphendula. Ngokusho kwengqondo yakhe, zonke izinhlobo zemiphakathi eyaziwayo neyimfihlo zivela emiphakathini yemiphakathi ngenxa yempendulo kwenye inselele yangaphandle. Futhi ngenkathi impendulo yabo bebhubha, noma bakha impucuko. Ngokwesibonelo, kwavela imiphakathi yasendulo yaseBabiloni naseGibhithe. Ephendula ukuma komhlaba wokusinda, izizwe zendawo zadinga ukwakhiwa kohlelo lonke lwamachiza wokunisela okufakelwayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ludinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela. Lokhu nakho kwaholela ekuveleni kwezinto zokusiza abantu abacindezelayo, ukuvela kwengcebo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, umbuso, owathatha isimo sezwe esithathwa yizici zangaphandle zezulu.
I-medieval yobuKristu Impucuko yaseRussia yavela njengendlela yokusabela ekuhlaselweni okuqhubekayo kwezizwe ezingabandlululo, yahlanganisa izinhlanga ezihlakazekile zase-East Slavic. Emgqeni wokuqala we "Ukuqonda Umlando" we-Toynbee ubonisa imiphakathi engamashumi amabili nanye emlandweni wesintu. Phakathi kwabo, ngaphandle kwalokho okukhulunywa ngakho, isiShayina, isiGreki, isi-Arabhu, isiHindu, isi-Andean, isiMinoan, isiMeya, isiSumerian, isiMinan, isiMeyi, isiSomerian, isiNdiya, seMasitini, isiHeti, isiMpumalanga esiseMpumalanga, amaKristu amabili - eRussia naseBalkans, isi-Iranian, isiMexico neYucatan. Emibhalweni yamuva, imibono yakhe yaba nezinguquko, futhi inani lemiphakathi lahlehla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi-mlando sichaze iminye imiphakathi eyayinethuba lokuba yimpucuko, kepha ayikwazanga ukunqoba ngempumelelo inselele yabo. Lokhu kwakunjalo, isibonelo, amaSpartan, amaScandinavia asendulo, ama-nomads we-Great Steppe.