"Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika": isifinyezo, ukuhlaziywa kanye nencazelo

"Umthandazo KaDaniyeli Zatochnik", isifinyezo ofakelwe yalokhu kubukezwa, - ingenye imisebenzi edume kakhulu izincwadi zasendulo yabhalwa ngekhulu le-12 (ngo-nokucabanga kwabanye ososayensi ekhulwini le-13). Kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo ucezu, yesibili ibizwa ngokuthi "izwi". Nokho, isayensi ezomlando namanje akazi ukuthi ngubani umlobi we ucezu, cishe yonke abacwaningi bavumelane iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu ilungu omncane druzhina.

Imibono ephathelene nomsuka

"Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika", sifinyeto ezosiza abafundi ukuqonda lokhu lesikhumbuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezincwadi Old Russian, iqondiswa isikhulu, okuvumela mlando zaphetha omthombo ukucacisa indawo yomsuka wawo. Nokho, nalapha futhi, kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi umkhiqizo senzelwe umzukulu Vladimira Monomaha, iSikhulu Novgorod nabanye - ukuthi umzukulu isikhulu efanayo, owabusa eNorthern Pereyaslavl.

Ngakho, uhla kanye nosuku nesenzakalo umthombo-12 noma 13 ubudala. Ezinye izazi zisikisela ukuthi umsebenzi sidalwe ngemva ayehlasela amaMongol AmaTatar eRussia. It lesi sijame njengebhoksi incwadi noma uhlu lwezikhalazo "Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika". Isifingqo wesandla ingahlukaniswa ibe izingxenye eziningana: isikhalo isikhulu, boyars ukugxekwa, agumenti ngamakhosikazi kanye esiphethweni.

Incazelo emfushane

Ucezu itholakele futhi ingxenye eshicilelwe N. M. Karamzinym. Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi baye baphendukela ezifundwa lesikhumbuzo lengubo Russia ephakathi. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kwathiwa wahlanganyela esifundweni kanye nokuhlaziywa onguchwepheshe ngobukhulu D. S. Lihachev. Wabuye kungokwalabo translation zakudala wesandla ezivela olimini asendulo angena Russian yesimanje.

Indlela yokuthi ngembhali ngasinda kuphela inkomba eyodwa kwelinye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, yize umsebenzi uqobo wayaziwa kahle impela. kunemba komlando, imininingwane kanye nezici individualistic ezahlukene "Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika". Isifinyezo lesikhumbuzo ibonisa imibuzo esemqoka ukuthi zikhathazeke umcabango setepolitiki eRussia ephakathi.

Izicelo Eziya Kuziphathimandla isikhulu

Umbhali iqala incwadi yakhe ngokuthi icela isihe umbusi wakhe. Uyabhala ngesimo sakhe futhi nesimo esinzima, ukhuluma ngani ubumpofu bakhe futhi mayelana kungathembeki labangane. Lokhu kulandelwa ingxoxo ka amandla kwesikhulu, okuyinto acacisa indlela sikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu wabona abameleli kwezakhi phakathi umphakathi lasendulo. "Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika" ku isifinyezo wembula eziyisisekelo umqondo imisebenzi: isidingo umkhandlu ngaphansi isikhulu abahlakaniphileyo.

Umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi indawo ozinikele umcebo wegolide ngaphezulu njengoba isikwati abaqotho ngeke akhaphele umbusi wabo. Kuningi isikhala ezahlukweni ekudumiseni kokwesikhulu. Yena incoma ukuhlakanipha kwakhe, magnanimity, ukuphana ithemba usizo futhi abasekele.

mayelana boyars

"Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika", evumela ukuhlaziywa kanye nencazelo ukuchaza izici izincwadi Old Russian, benamandla ukugxekwa kwabanye abantu phezu kwesikhulu. Umbhali eveza Ukunganeliseki nokuhlukunyezwa kwabo, ethi wayekhetha ukukhonza ngqo isikhulu kuka boyars yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naye uveza ukuthi okuhle kanye nabeluleki ezinhle ubambe ngamandla. Ngokusho kwakhe, isikhulu ayikwazi elawula ngaphandle amadoda ahlakaniphile zasebukhosini. Nokho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlobi yena kuzo zonke indlela siyehla, uzicabangela yena ufanele ukuba lapho sekubusa njengoba umsizi.

Mayelana service isikhulu labafazi

"Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika" in the Isifingqo ebonisa ukuthi umcondvo lobalulekile umsebenzi ukukhazinyuliswa amandla phezu kwesikhulu. Umbhali uthi inkonzo abantu phezu kwesikhulu nihlela ikusasa labo siqu, kuyilapho isihe boyars usengozini futhi yesikhashana. Ngokusho kwakhe, isikhulu kuphela uma ubukhona labasizi ezihlakaniphile nothembekile bazokwazi ukuthola isihlalo sobukhosi. Umcebo, uDaniyeli wacabanga, ayinikeli impumelelo noma isimo. Lawa izizathu ezinikezwayo ikhombe encwadini yakhe ecela umbusi ukuthatha isevisi. Lapho sinquma kwesikhulu umkhandlu isihe iholo elihle.

Amazwibela "Ukunxusa Daniila Zatochnika" kufanele ibe incazelo encane sengqondo kombhali zokuhlukumeza abesifazane. Yena inamathela kakhulu leyenta umshado uphumelele, noma kunalokho, izimfanelo zokuziphatha kombhangqwana. Ngokusho kwakhe, umfazi omuhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthula nokuhleleka endlini, kuyilapho okubi kubi kunokwakuqala nenhlekelele embi kabi. Ngakho, umlobi kuqhakambisa kukhethwa ezobambisana naye ekuphileni. Ugandelela ukuthi ikhambi lesifanele incike amadoda imfuna esizayo PHETHO. Ikakhulukazi umbhali wahlambalaza ngesikhathi yaqhamuka nedlubulundayo abangakwazi ukuba azithobe kumyeni wakhe futhi kanjalo achithe ukuphila komkhaya kusuka ngaphakathi.

isiphetho

Ekupheleni isigijimi sakhe umbhali futhi libhekisela isikhulu ukuthatha isevisi. Nokho, ukuthi wayelazisa amakhono abo okucabanga futhi ulwazi. Ngokusho kwakhe, anakho benezincwadi ezanele ulwazi ukuze asize umbusi e ukukhathazeka komphakathi kanye nezindaba. UDaniyeli uthi Kwakungcono ngoba wayengahambi futhi akazange ukuxhumana la madoda ayizifundiswa, kodwa Ngafunda okuningi futhi bafunda nakho konke ukuhlakanipha kwabo kusuka izincwadi.

Ngakho-ke, yena ukholelwa ngobuqotho esingazuzisa Prince ukuthi iseluleko sakhe kungaba wusizo kuye. Lokhu okuqinile ukuzethemba kanye nekhono evumela ukuba akhulume nomamukeli umyalezo ucishe obala. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi uqala ukukhuluma ithoni amancane futhi ngandlela-thile bebancane, ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela ukuthobeka nokulalela kwakhe.

Izici ulimi

Umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo ngesilulumagama netakhiwo yayo yasekuqaleni. Umbhali ngokuvamile ucaphuna iBhayibheli, izingcaphuno lwemilando, kanye nemisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngempela ngokuvamile ziphendukela Folk izaga, asebentise titatimende satirical futhi ezihlekisayo, okuyinto ulunika inkulumo ubungqabavu ekhethekile nakalula. Le nhlanganisela ngezitayela ezihlukahlukene wenze lokhu lesikhumbuzo umthombo ehlukile ihlukile kwezinye yesandla kwalesi sikhathi. Lokhu, ulimi ephapheme ezimibalabala ukunika izici ngazinye umbhali: ukwahlulela ngenkulumo yakhe, wayeyindoda zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba kungenzeka ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu retinue isikhulu salukazi.

Isilinganiso "Igama"

Ekuphetheni, kokubili lesikhumbuzo kuhlobene nezinga omunye umkhiqizo efanayo, okuyinto ubhekwa edition layo lwesibili. Okuvame kakhulu inguqulo yokuqala wesandla, okuthiwa "Ukuthandaza Daniila Zatochnika". Uphenyo lo mkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu.

Ukuqhathanisa ku-UHlelo Lwesibili, okuyinto abizwe ngokuthi "uLizwi", abasebenzisi libike ukuthi uhlelo lokuqala uzalela izici ethile ngokoqobo esikhathini esidlule futhi bafaka acacile zobuntu lombhali, esizibonakalisa ulimi Emazwini akhe ezihlekisayo, imidwebo encane yasendlini. Yilokho abafundi uyayazisa lesikhumbuzo kubhekwe, kufanele zithi ikuvumela ukuba uqonde indlela yokucabanga medieval Russian middle class umuntu. "ULizwi" umkhiqizo kokuqukethwe ajwayelekile: awunazo izikhombo ezithile zomlando, imininingwane yomuntu siqu.