Ulwazi izigaba yentuthuko womuntu: Uhlolojikelele, izici

lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu - inqubo eqala lapho owesifazane ebamba isisu uyaqhubeka kuze kube sekufeni. Nge ebuntwaneni ebudaleni nasekukhuleni ngokomzimba kwenzeka. Kodwa nentuthuko ephawulekayo akagcini for a lifetime. Yiziphi theory eyisisekelo periodization lomjikelezo ukuphila?

Ukuthuthukiswa indoda kusukela umbono wezinto eziphilayo

nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene futhi izigaba yentuthuko womuntu achazwayo ngokuhambisana izimfuneko ezithile, okuyinto zithathwa ukucacisa izigaba zokuphila. Ngo biology, owokuqala lezi zici iyona kokukhulelwa. Igama yezesayensi lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu - ontogeny. Nokuhlanganiswa iqanda nesidoda kuphakamisa ontogenesis. Njengoba izigaba zayo kokuqala ukuthatha indawo emzimbeni wowesifazane, ontogenesis sehlukaniswe kokubeletha kanye nangemuva kokuzalwa komntwana.

Isikhathi kokubeletha sehlukaniswe embryonic (kusukela uqala ukwenziwa kuze izinyanga 2) ne-fetus (kusukela 3rd ngenyanga 9th). Phakathi nokuphila fetus kwenzeka sonke ukwanda okukhulu kwenani amaseli ukusithatha imisebenzi ezihlukeneko zomzimba esikhathini esizayo. Ngenyanga yesibili kwezitho zangaphakathi izinhlamvu ziqala ukwakheka. Shaped ekhanda, emqaleni nasemhlane, esifubeni, izingalo nemilenze.

Ukuzalwa zonke ingane kubhekwa isimangaliso. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umhlaba kuyisimangaliso okwenzekayo sonke isikhathi kuhilela okuningi izici ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, eyandulela wenzalo uhlanga ehilelekile abangaba yizigidi ezingu-300 isidoda besilisa. Cishe lowo inani labantu abahlala e-United States. Ngesikhathi ukuzalwa obuchopho a komntwana isivele ifakwe ezinzwa abayizigidi eziyishumi.

Kutfutfukiswa i umzimba kwasesibelethweni size siguge. ukukhula kuzuba

Kusukela ngenyanga yesithathu wokukhula kwengane esiswini kukhona nokwanda emzimbeni, okuyinto uyaqhubeka emva kokuzalwa kwengane. Futhi kusukela ekuzalweni iqala inqubo okuzivumelanisa zezemvelo. Ingane ethola amakhono amasha egqinsiwe sidle ifa layo. Ukwanda yashesha umzimba kwenzeka ngesikhathi izigaba eziningana: inkathi ye zakuqala ebuntwaneni (kusukela unyaka kuya kwemithathu), kusukela eminyakeni emi-5 kuya ku-7, futhi phakathi nenkathi yokuthomba (iminyaka engu-11 kuya ku-16). Ngeminyaka 20-25 ukukhula komzimba womuntu sekuseduze kokuqedwa. Manje kufika isikhathi azinzile emjikelezweni wokuphila - ukuvuthwa. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-55-60, umzimba womuntu iyaqala ukuba aguge.

umthetho biogenetic

Ngo biology, kukhona umthetho Haeckel-Müller, noma umthetho biogenetic. Lithi zonke ngazinye ekuthuthukisweni yayo ngezinga elithile iphindwa izinyathelo ababe okhokho bakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu kusukela ekuhlaleni kwesisu yayo iya adlule ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo eziphilayo, okuyinto zenzeka kuwo wonke umlando. Ngokokuqala ngqá mthetho wafakwa usosayensi Ernst Haeckel ngo-1866.

ukuthuthukiswa Human ngokwengqondo kusukela ebuntwaneni ukuba inkathi yokuba umuntu omdala

isayensi esigabeni sokuqala Isizwe lekutfutfukisa bantfu ngekwemazinga sezisetshenzisiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Uma ehlukanisa umjikelezo wokuphila ku-akhawunti izinto ezifana ukukhula ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nokuthuthuka kwengqondo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-division zibe izigaba wasebenza abavelele ososayensi Russian: NI Pirogov, L. S. Vygotsky, K. D. Ushinsky. Ngokwesiko, liye ihlukaniswe izigaba eziningana: utero,, ubusha kanye nentsha.

ukuthuthukiswa Natali, yena, lahlukaniswa laba izigaba eziningana. Eyokuqala wabo - predzarodyshevaya. ubude bayo - 2 amaviki kusukela ekuhlaleni kwesisu. Esigabeni esilandelayo ubizwa ngokuthi germinal futhi ihlala izinyanga ezimbili. Kulandele esigabeni fetus, ozobakhona kuze umntwana wakhe esezelwe.

Ngokusho nenqubo lososayensi, usengumntwana kuthiwa futhi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezibalulekile eziningana. Lokhu usewusana (0 kuya eminyakeni), esemncane (iminyaka 1-3), zasenkulisa yobudala (iminyaka 3-7) kanye nobudala esikoleni samabanga aphansi (kusukela eminyakeni 6-7 ukuze 10-11). Lezi zikhathi zinezikhathi kanye ngezigaba ezahlukene zentuthuko yokuzibona okungaphakathi kumuntu. + Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-umsebenzi ohamba phambili, nobuntu kweminyaka ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni libhekene okuthiwa umsebenzi into-nolukhohlisayo. Ingane ifunda ukusebenzisa izinto ezikuzungezile ke. Futhi abafundi abasebasha, isibonelo, umsebenzi ezifana ukuqeqesha. Izingane ziqala ukukhula izindlela ezincwadini ukucabanga. Bafunda indlela ukufunda nokusebenzisa ulwazi theory.

Kwenzekani ebuntwaneni?

Kusaqalwa lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu - isikhathi lapho kukhona komphakathi yayo, futhi liba ilungu egcwele umphakathi. Ebuntwaneni kubhekwa iminyaka kwakheka ukuvuthwa ngokwengqondo yomuntu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhathi ebuntwaneni esikhathini sethu akulingani isikhathi ukuthi lo wanikelwa ukuthi bakusiphi isigaba sokuphila ngaphambili. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene ngesikhathi esengumntwana eyathatha isikhathi ezahlukene ngakhoke yobudala periodization njalo kubhekwe umkhiqizo isiko elithile nempucuko. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. usakhula isikhathi kwaphela ngokushesha kakhulu - njengoba ekuseni njengoba iminyaka 13-14, izingane eziningi zaqala njengoba abadala. Komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane somphakathi wesintu ichaze imingcele yobudala nezikhathi, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo inkathi yakhe.

Ubusha futhi intsha

Isikhathi esilandelayo sokuthuthuka kuyinto usakhula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa esigabeni sokukhula, noma ukuthomba (ke sithatha okuyisilinganiso seminyaka engu-15) futhi intsha (ithatha iminyaka 22-23). Ngalesi sikhathi, intsha iqala ukuthatha ukuma isithombe ezithile zomhlaba, umqondo indawo yabo emphakathini.

abacwaningi ezehlukene zinezidingo izincazelo ezahlukene komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane wokuphila kwabantu, ezifana zixhumana nabantu abasha. Ezinye izazi ziye zakhomba intsha ekuseni (iminyaka engu-15 kuya ku-18) futhi ngasekupheleni (iminyaka engu-18 kuya ku-23). Noma kunjalo, ekupheleni kwesikhathi yobusha iphela kumiswa umuntu bokuphila. Ngalesi sikhathi ukuma lokugcina akuqaphelayo, eze izinkinga kuqhame sokugcwaliseka okhokhelwayo. Ngo kusaqalwa izithakazelo intsha akhiwa, nemigomo yakhe yesikhathi esizayo, isidingo zabasebenzi, liyasiqinisekisa ukuzimela komuntu, kubandakanya ezezimali.

zokuba umuntu omdala

Esigabeni esilandelayo umjikelezo ukuphila umuntu omdala. Liphinde limelele isinyathelo omude kunayo yonke. Emazweni athuthukile, isibonelo, ukuvuthwa isesikhathini ezintathu kwezine sokusinda jikelele. Kulesi sigaba, ke lwabelwe izinkathi ezintathu: yokuba umuntu omdala ekuseni noma ngobusha; ukuvuthwa isilinganiso; nobudala ngasekupheleni (okubandakanya ukuguga nokuguga).

Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi isici inkathi yokuguga, kuyinto ukuhlakanipha zanqwabelana eliyingqayizivele. Khona-ke siyoba yini indoda usugugile, ngezindlela eziningi incike indlela yalo yokuphila lapho usukhulile. Isidingo esiyinhloko asebekhulile hhayi kuphela ukunakekela abathandekayo, kodwa kusho nethuba lokuthola ukuze baxoxelane okuhlangenwe.

Life yokufuna lapho isikhulile

Ososayensi ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuvuthwa nokuvuthwa akuzona imiqondo okulingana. Ngokungafani izigaba odlule lapho kukhona ngokomzimba yokuvuthwa yokuba umuntu omdala ezihlobene nentuthuko ephawulekayo. Kulesi sigaba, bantfu bafundziswa tindlela baqikelele izinqumo zabo. Kubantu kwakhiwa nezimfanelo ezithile. Lokhu, isibonelo, ubulukhuni, ukwethembeka, umthamo ububele. Usosayensi E. Erickson uthi kulesi sigaba lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu Ukwakheka kwezitho self-ungubani. Omdala, umcwaningi uthi, kuyinto iminyaka izenzo ezinkulu. Izici eziyinhloko lesi sikhathi kukhona ukusebenza, lokusungula, kanye ezinye ukungahlaliseki. Man ihlose ukufeza izinhloso eziphakeme ensimini babo bomsebenzi, ukuze ube umzali ongcono, ukondla umkhaya.

Umsebenzi nokunakekela kuyizimpawu zesimiso omdala. Uma umuntu uthulisa phansi maqondana nokufaka noma yisiphi isici sokuphila yakho, yokujama tsi kungenzeka lapha ngisho nokucekelwa. Lesi senzakalo negative ebonakaliswa ukumuncwa izinkinga zabo, futhi ukuzidabukela. Nginqobe lezi zinkinga ngosizo ukwakha zengqondo ukuba unqobe izinkinga, kunokuba ngokusebenzisa izikhalazo njalo ngekusasa unonya.

komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane abangabantu ngokuvumelana Freud

psychoanalysis Classical akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo namuhla. Okwamanje, ithiyori Freud sika ingenye imiqondo eyisisekelo ubuntu. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukukhula komuntu - kuyinqubo okuzivumelanisa izimo zangaphandle zomhlaba. Izazi ziye zakhomba izingqimba ezintathu psyche umuntu - okubizwa ngokuthi "It" noma "id"; "Mina" noma "Ego"; futhi "superego" - "superego." "Eid" kuyingxenye equlekile noma bakudala zobuntu. "Ego" - ukuze bona kanye okunengqondo ingxenye. "Super-Ego" uhlobo enhle maqondana lapho umuntu ifakiwe lapha njengoba unembeza wakhe. Kule ngxenye ezihlukanisile inqubo yentuthuko kunezimpande umzali isitshalo, kanye izindinganiso zomphakathi bamukeleke umphakathi.

Okwamanje, mbono eziningi futhi izigaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi Psychology ihlanganise ulwazi etholwe Freud. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izigaba eziyinhloko lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu - kuyinto setemlomo (kusuka ekuzalweni kuya ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili), anal (ngo-3 iminyaka), isitho sobulili sowesilisa (iminyaka engu-3 kuya ku-6), esicashile (kusuka 6-7 kuya 12 iminyaka) futhi futhi zangasese (iminyaka 12-18). Usosayensi Austrian ukholelwa ukuthi esigabeni ukuthuthukiswa kukhona uhlobo izinyathelo umuntu bakhona kubo, angababaza "babhajwe" izinsuku zonke kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila. Khona-ke izingxenye ezithile ubulili kwezinsana kuyoba ingxenye omdala eziyinkimbinkimbi Neurotic.