Umfula u-Olenek: umlomo, umthombo, isici. Uphi umfula u-Olenek?

Namuhla kunzima ukuthola izindawo emephini ezingathintwa yimpucuko. Noma kunjalo, zikhona. Ezingxenyeni ezinjalo ezigciniwe umfula omangalisayo waseSiberia u-Olenek, osesenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYakutia.

Umthombo womfula, isiqondiso nomlomo

U-Olenek uqala ekuqaleni emithambekeni yeNtaba yaseYankan, e-Territory yaseKrasnoyarsk. Ukusuka lapho umfula uthwala amanzi ayo ngasempumalanga, kancane kancane ushintshe inkambo yayo eya enyakatho-mpumalanga. Endleleni yayo, engamakhilomitha angu-2,270, iwela kuqala iPulazi laseSiberia eliphakathi, elibhekiswe ekukhunjweni nasekukhuphukeni kwamamitha ayi-600. Lapha umfula ungobuhlungu, unama-rapids amaningi nama-rapids. Phakathi kwabo, odume kakhulu futhi odume ukufinyeleleka yi-Ukoyan. Khona-ke umfula ugeleza phakathi kwe-plain tundra. Ingxenye eyinhloko yesitsha salo, indawo yayo yonke indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200, ingaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle. Umlomo woMfula u- Olenek ukhona e-Olenek Bay, engoLwandle lwaseLaptev. Yakha i-delta, indawo yayo engamakhilomitha angama-475 square.

Engxenyeni esenyakatho yensimu lapho u-Olenek egeleza khona, ibhekisela endaweni yendawo eguquguqukayo yendawo yezulu, futhi konke okuya endaweni engaphansi kwe-subarctic. Ukuziqhenya kwalezi zindawo yi-amplitudes enkulu yokushisa yaminyaka yonke kanye nesilinganiso esincane kakhulu sezulu. Isibonelo, ubusika bonke bawela ngamamithamitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-40 kuphela. Iqhwa elimboza umfula lomfula liyakhathazeka, lingenalo i-crust, njengoba kungabikho izintambo lapha.

Izindawo ezingavamile ezingcolile zitholakala lapho umfula u-Olenek wenza ukuphenduka okubukhali. Lapha emabhange aphakama amaphekula, okukhumbuza izindonga ezinamandla, izinsika nama-obelisks. Ezindaweni ezingenhla, phansi kanye namabhange omfula ahlanganiswe ngamatshe amatshe. Futhi ngemva kokujoyina i-Arga-Sala enkulu emgodini osandisiwe, ama-sandbars neziqhingi zivame kakhulu.

Hydrology

Umbuso woMfula u- Olenek unqunywa yizimo zezulu zesifunda lapho ugeleza khona. Njengayo yonke imifula yaseSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude, u-Olenek unamanzi aphezulu ehlobo, okugubha kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuSeptemba. Idla ngokuyinhloko emvula ewela ehlobo, nangama-meltwater. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi isilinganiso yi-1210 cubic metres. M / s.

Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esikhethekile esakhiweni lapho uMfula u-Olenek utholakala khona ezindaweni ezingenhla, i-reservoir ikhululeka kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Ekufinyeleleni okuphansi, le nkathi yinde - kusukela engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi.

I- permafrost eqhubekayo emfuleni wase-Olenek inethonya elikhulu ekushiseni kwamanzi, okuphawulwe njengento esondelene kakhulu nesikhathi esukela ngoSepthemba kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Ukushisa okuvamile kwansuku zonke yizi-3.4 degrees. Ubukhulu obuningi beqhwa, obuhlanganisa umfula u-Olenek kusukela ekwindla kuya entwasahlobo, ngu-244 cm. Futhi lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esibi kakhulu. Engxenyeni yesigodi saseVilyui, lapho uMfula u-Olenek uvela khona, kukhona i-permafrost, ubude obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angaphezu kwesigamu nengxenye.

Ama-tributaries amakhulu

Kuwo wonke ama-tributaries, inkulu kunazo zonke i-Arga-Sala, egeleza ngamakhilomitha angu-1528 ukusuka emlonyeni futhi ingumngcele wesigaba esiphezulu somfula u-Olenek. Ubude be-Arga-Sala ngamakhilomitha angu-554. Lo mfula ugeleza ikakhulukazi epulazini laseSiberia eliphakathi, elihlanganiswa ukuhlanganiswa kwemifula emibili (i-Right and Left Arga-Sala), futhi ibonakala ngobuningi be-rapids. Kuthatha ukuqala kwayo cishe endaweni efanayo nomthombo woMfula u-Olenek, ngakwesobunxele.

I-tributary yesibili ngobukhulu i-Bur River, eseduze nomlomo. Ubude bayo cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-500. Ngemuva kokuhlangana kwalolu daba, i-Olenek idlula ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ngaphesheya kwesigodi seChekanovsky. Umfula i-Siligir ungumfula oqondile we- Olenek River phakathi nendawo ufinyelela (ubude obude ngamakhilomitha angu-344), okubhekwa njengenye enkulu kakhulu. Yakhiwa yi-confluence yemifula ye-Usuk-Siligir ne-Ortho-Siligir. Amanye ama-tributaries (i-Unukit, i-Birekte, i-Bienchime, i-Cuyoka nabanye), nakuba ibhekwa njengenkulu, ibe nobude obufushane kakhulu nendawo yendawo yokugeza.

I-flora nezilwane zasemfuleni

Cishe kulo lonke indawo lapho umfula u-Olenek ugeleza khona, izimila kuncane futhi azifani ngokuhlukahluka. Imelelwe ikakhulukazi ngamahlathi amancane ahlasele. Emithambekeni yezigodi, izinkuni ziba nzima kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi, kunezindawo ezithathwe yi-birch, i-salami noma umvini. Ezindaweni ezinqanyuliwe amahlathi amancane ahlanjululwa nge-spruce. Izihlahla lapha zingafinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-12.

Izimila ezinomsoco ziyingcosana. Isikhala esikhulu semifula engezansi emfuleni yi-tundra engenalutho, ehlanganiswe ne-yagel, isithebe kanye ne-lichen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlaka lwe-shrub lubuye lwasungulwa, olumelelwe i-rosemary, i-briberibri, ibherebhethi, njll. Okuvamile okuvamile yi-cowberry, inja ye-rose, i-currant ebomvu ne-juniper.

Ukusuka ezilwaneni cishe yonke indawo kukhona eduze kwe-reindeer yomfula, izimpisi, imithi, izimpungushe nezinhlamvu. Kodwa izilwane ezinwabuzelayo kule ndawo azitholakali nhlobo.

I-fish fish

Izici zoMfula u-Olenek zikhombisa izici eziholela ekusakazweni kwe-ichthyofauna ngendlela yokuthi izinhlanzi ze-carp zisuke zingekho ngokuphelele lapha. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu - umbuso wokushisa, inani elilinganiselwe lezindawo ezifanele ukuzalanisa, nenani elikhulu lezilwane ezidliwayo.

Ingqikithi kunezinhlobo ezingu-27 ezahlukene zezinhlanzi emfuleni. Kulezi, inani elikhulu eliyigugu - i-taimen, i-nelma, i-whitefish, i-lenok. Zivamile kulo lonke u-Olenek River. Ngokuvamile ungathola i-pike, i-perch, i-burbot. Esigabeni somfula, esiseduze nomlomo, ukungena enhlanzi - rylad, omul, muxun, pyzhyan. Ukuziqhenya komfula u-Olenek kuyi-taimen. Amanye ama-specimens afinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu namasisindo angu-30-40 kilogram.

Ukuxhuma emfuleni u-Olenek

Ukufinyelela okuphezulu komfula, lapho kunezindawo eziningi ezifanele zokudoba, kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukugibela ama-catamarans, kayaks kanye ne-Kayaks. Isikhathi esihle kakhulu salokhu kwenzeka ngoJuni, emanzini aphezulu. Emaphakathini amaningi anamanje aqinile, izinhlanzi zibanjwe kakhulu. Indawo lapho i-alloy ingenzeka khona (kusukela emlonyeni we-Alakit tributary kuya edolobheni lase-Olenek) iyigugu kakhulu ngenxa yamadwala amadwala nezinsalela.

Konke lokhu kudonsela abalandeli abaningi bemisebenzi yangaphandle. Lapho i-alloy iphakanyiswa ukuba idlule eduze namabhange amancane, ngenkathi ilawula njalo ukujula. Izansi zingabonwa kalula noma kuphi, ngoba amanzi emfuleni i-crystal ecacile. Ukuqaphela konke okuqaphayo kuyisimo esibaluleke kakhulu. Kulezi zindawo ezincithakalo umuntu akanakulindela usizo lomuntu.

Ukusetshenziswa komnotho komfula

Isiqondiso esiyinhloko somsebenzi wezomnotho emfuleni u-Olenek udoba. Ukudoba kuqhutshwa yizinkampani zomphakathi zikahulumeni kanye nabantu abambalwa bomdabu, okuba yilolu hlobo lwendabuko lokudoba. Ukudoba ngokuyinhloko kwenziwa ngesikhathi sekwindla nobusika ekufinyeleleni okuphansi. Kule ngxenye yomkhumbi wemifudlana ithuthukiswa. Yonke imisebenzi yokudoba ilawulwa ngokweqile ngumthetho wesifundazwe.