Uyini umnyombo biology? Sakhiwo umsebenzi nucleus

Kuwo wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo uthatha eziningi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinqubo. Ukuze ulawule kubo, kanye nokulawula izici eziningi ezibalulekile ezidinga isakhiwo ekhethekile. Uyini umnyombo biology? Ukuvumela ke ukwazi indlela yokubhekana ngokuphumelela ngalo msebenzi?

Uyini umongo wezinto eziphilayo. definition

Umnyombo - isakhiwo esidingekayo kunoma yimuphi emangqamuzaneni omzimba. Uyini umongo? Ngo biology, kuba isakhi esibalulekile zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ikhenela ingatholakala lenyama unicellular, futhi ihlelwe kakhulu abameleli emhlabeni eukaryotic. Umsebenzi oyinhloko lesi sakhiwo - isitoreji futhi ukudluliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, okuyinto lapha equkethwe.

Ngemva kweqanda we esibelethweni by isidoda kwenzeka Fusion nuclei ezimbili haploid. Ngemva kwakhiwa nokuhlanganiswa gametes zygote is, umnyombo okuyinto seluvele isethi diploid lezakhi zofuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi karyotype (ulwazi zofuzo nucleus) vele iqukethe amakhophi zezakhi zofuzo kanye umama nobaba.

nucleus Diploid elikhona cishe yonke amaseli eukaryotic. nucleus Haploid babe hhayi kuphela gametes, kodwa amalungu futhi eziningi eziphilayo elula. Lezi zihlanganisa ezinye izinhlobo ziphila ngezinto esimila owumphumela, ulwelwe, unicellular khulula-ophilayo amafomu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eziningi zalezi zinto abameleli ane-nucleus haploid kuphela esikhathini esithile ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila.

Ukwakheka nucleus

Uyini sici core? Biology Ngokutadisha ngokucophelela indlela yokwakheka kudivayisi zenuzi, okungukuthi. Ukuze. Kungaba bafake umfutho ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezakhi zofuzo, ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi kanye molecular biology.

Core - ke dvumembrannaya isakhiwo. Ulwelwesi kukhona ezinwetshiwe le reticulum endoplasmic, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ukuthuthwa izinto kusukela amaseli kwakhiwa. Okuqukethwe nucleus ebizwa ngokuthi nucleoplasm.

Chromatin - main izidakamizwa nucleoplasm. Ukwakheka chromatin nhlobonhlobo: kukhona ngokuyinhloko acid nucleic (DNA ne-RNA), kanye amaprotheni ion eziningi zensimbi. DNA ise nucleoplasm ngaphambilini e-chromosome. It Ama-chromosomes e ngesikhathi division kabili, ngemva kwalokho ngamunye amasethi wokushintsha amaseli indodakazi.

RNA ku nucleoplasm ivamile ezimbili izinhlobo mRNA futhi rRNA. Isilayezi RNA akhicitwe nakuchubeka umbhalo - ukufunda ulwazi kusuka DNA. Ngemva ribonucleic acid-molecule eshiya i-nucleus futhi kamuva ukhonza njengomdala ithempulethi for kumiswa amaprotheni entsha.

kwakhiwa RNA Ribosomal is e izakhiwo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi nucleoli. I nucleolus yakhiwa kusukela izingxenye ekupheleni-chromosomes, ezakhiwe nokuminyaniseka yesibili. Lesi sakhiwo kungabonakala microscope ukukhanya njengoba endaweni umnyombo onomfutho. RNA Ribosomal zazo kwemiqondo lapha futhi ufaka cytoplasm namaprotheni angaphezu yakha kanye ribosome.

kunomthelela oqonde ngqo umsebenzi yokunikeza nucleus. Biology njengoba isayensi ukutadisha izakhiwo chromatin for ukuqonda kangcono izinqubo of umbhalo kanye cell division.

ikhenela imisebenzi. izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo e-nucleus

Umsebenzi wokuqala futhi ebaluleke kakhulu-nucleus iyona isitoreji futhi ukudluliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Core - isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele kwengqamuzana, okungukuthi iqukethe ingxenye enkulu sofuzo kubantu ... Karyotype kungenzeka haploid, diploid, triploid, nokunye. Isihlungu Ploidy kuncike umsebenzi iseli: gametes haploid namaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo diploid. Amaseli we angiosperms endosperm triploid, futhi, ekugcineni, izinhlobo eziningi belima kukhona isethi polyploid lezakhi zofuzo.

Ukudluliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi cytoplasm kusuka nucleus kwenzeka ngesikhathi kumiswa mRNA. Ngo inqubo umbhalo izakhi zofuzo we karyotype efundwa, futhi ekugcineni kwemiqondo-matrix molecule noma isithunywa RNA.

Ufuzo bubonakala sokuhlukanisa cell mitosis, meiosis noma amitosis. Esimweni ngasinye, ikhenela wenza umsebenzi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-prophase ka mitosis core igobolondo babhujiswe futhi Ama-chromosomes e kakhulu kompaktizirovannye ukuwela cytoplasm. Nokho meiosis phambi ukwehluleka kwenzeka kule crossover nucleus ulwelwesi lezakhi zofuzo. Futhi amitosis core ehlala ngokuphelele futhi zinegalelo elincane ukuze inqubo ukuqoqwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, core ngokungaqondile ehilelekile ukuthuthwa izinto kusukela amaseli ngenxa kuxhumana ngqo namatheminali ulwelwesi ne-XPS. Yilokho umnyombo wezinto eziphilayo.

Ifomu core

Umnyombo, isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi wayo ingase ixhomeke endleleni ukuma ulwelwesi. iyunithi Nuclear kungaba round, side, ngesimo vanes nokunye. D. ifomu Ngokuvamile nucleus ethize ezicutshini ngabanye namaseli. eziphilayo elilodwa kuhluke uhlobo lokudla, umjikelezo wokuphila, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlukile futhi yakha ulwelwesi nuclei.

Izinhlobonhlobo esime kanye nosayizi nucleus kungabonakala isibonelo leukocyte.

• neutrophil nucleus kungenziwa ihlukene futhi okungezona ihlukene. Esimweni sokuqala sikhuluma nucleus ukhamba emise, futhi leli fomu kuyisici sobuntu amaseli abasha. Umnyombo ihlukene - kuwumphumela kumiswa ngodonga eziningi zibe ulwelwesi, kuphumele izingcezu eziningana exhunywe ndawonye.
• Emongweni eosinophils ke has simise nobuntu a dumbbell. Kulokhu, iyunithi core yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili ezihambisana ukwahlukanisa.
• Cishe wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu elalihlala lymphocyte core omkhulu. ingxenye encane cytoplasm kuphela uhlala endaweni azungeze i-cell.
• Amaseli yezindlala izinambuzane core ungase ube isakhiwo branched.

Isibalo nuclei esitokisini zingahluka

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi kuseli yomzimba kukhona core eyodwa kuphela. Ngesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukuba khona kumadivayisi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu enuzi imisebenzi eziningi kanyekanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye amaseli ungenza ngokuphelele ngaphandle umongo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo amaseli angavamile lapho nuclei okungaphezu kokukodwa noma engekho nhlobo.

1. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi nama-platelet. Lezi egazi kuthiwa zithutha elithwala umoya-mpilo futhi fibrinogen ngokulandelana. Ukuze iseli bungamumatha lemali into, liye walahlekelwa enkabeni yalo. Libhekene isici okufana, akuwona wonke amalungu emhlabeni isilwane: amasele egazini kukhona erythrocyte omkhulu ngobukhulu ne strong engumongo. Lokhu kubonisa lesi sigaba bakudala ziqhathaniswa taxa okuthuthukile.

2. hepatocytes kwesibindi. La mangqamuzana aqukethe cores ezimbili. Omunye wabo ulawula igazi bahlanza ubuthi, kanye nezinye unesibopho kumiswa heme, kamuva kuyoba ingxenye elithwala umoya-mpilo.

3. Myocytes striated izicubu lwamathambo. Multicore imisipha amaseli. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amatasa sihamba zamagama ATP nokwaphuka, kanye inhlangano amaprotheni.

kudivayisi Ikakhulukazi zenuzi elula

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinhlobo ezimbili ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama: amoebae futhi ciliates.

1. ciliates slipper. Lokhu umzimba omele unicellular has nuclei amabili: vegetative futhi okuzala. T. Ukuze. Ahluke izici kanye nosayizi, lesi sici okuthiwa kwenza zenuzi.

nucleus vegetative unesibopho nomsebenzi yeselula nsuku zonke. It ulawula izinqubo umzimba walo. nucleus okuzala ohilelekile cell division kanye conjugation - inqubo ngokobulili lapho kukhona exchange kolwazi zofuzo nabantu zohlobo olulodwa.

2. amoeba. abameleli Bright - uhudo kanye amoeba emathunjini. Eyokuqala siphathelene izimuncagazi nolaka womuntu, kanti owesibili - the symbiont evamile, ohlala amathumbu akubangi umonakalo. T. k. Uhudo amoeba amagciwane esiswini, futhi, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili ndawonye. Ngenxa yale njongo, zenuzi apharathasi sici: at Ameba dysenteric lingafika ku 4 nuclei, futhi amoeba emathunjini kusukela 0 kuya ku-8.

isifo

Izifo eziningi zofuzo ezihlobene nokusebenzelana abahluphayo iqoqo chromosome. Nasi uhlu kwezinso esivelele kunazo zonke zofuzo eziyinhloko iyunithi:

• Down Syndrome;
• siddrom Patau;
• Edwards syndrome ;
• Klinefelter Syndrome;
• Turner Syndrome.

Uhlu eqhubekile ngamunye izifo elinesimo pair of nenombolo ye-sequence lezakhi zofuzo. Futhi izifo ezinjalo zivame ukubangela ukuqhuma ezithinta ubulili Ama-chromosomes e-X futhi Y.

isiphetho

I-nucleus udlala indima ebalulekile inqubo cell umsebenzi. It ulawula izinqubo kwamakhemikhali, onalo ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ezokuthutha izidakamizwa kusukela amaseli, zamagama amaprotheni nazo ezihambisana ukusebenza central cell isakhiwo. Yilokho umnyombo wezinto eziphilayo.