Yiziphi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-electrode? Izinhlobo kanye electrode

Zokushisela kuyinqubo ngokukhiqiza ukuxhumana okuthembekile ngokubeka amalahle izingxenye onqenqemeni kuya lokushisa ukuncibilika. MMA - the obanzi kunayo yonke eyake. Le ndlela elikhiqizayo kakhulu, isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, ubuchwepheshe elula kufinyeleleke ekhaya.

Ingqikithi yalo RDS

Emaphethelweni izingxenye wajoyina ancibilike ngenxa yokushisa ezikhishwe izinhlayiya ionized flow phakathi cathode kanye anode, - i arc kagesi. Ionisation kwenzeka ngenxa yokubakhona wesifunda amanje nawesikhathi esifushane phakathi izigxobo ezimbili ezinezici njalo noma zamatshe.

Ithuluzi isetshenziswa ukudala futhi arc kuyinto electrode - induku metal noma imvelaphi non-metallic. Umsebenzi kungenzeka kwenziwe njengoba izikhonkwane eyodwa noma amaningi kanye nekhono ukudala arc ezengeziwe phakathi kwabo (the ezintathu okhombisa arc Welding). I ionized electron ekusakazeni sizungezwe evala ithuluzi futhi yayo Ukusabalala ukuncibilika metal izingxenye xhumelela imiphumela ekuxhumaneni kwabo emoyeni. Izinhlobo electrode kwabashiselayo zinqunywa ikhumbula zonke izici esivela impahla ethile.

Ukwahlukanisa yokukhiqiza izinduku nge impahla

Enkabeni yalo, wonke amathuluzi Welding ngoba RDS zihlukaniswe ukuncibilika non-consumable.

• Melt: amathuluzi ensimbi ezensimbi, steel, aluminium, zethusi (kuye ngohlobo metal kokuba ashiselwe). Induku izenzo cathode noma anode, futhi ukhonza njengoba impahla yamathebhu ngokugcwalisa lwalelo chibi weld kanye ukubunjwa umphetho.
• Neplavjashchimsja: carbon izinduku, wenza graphite, of tungsten; usebenze umsebenzi oyinhloko kuphela; ngaphezu kwalokho wasebenzisa yamathebhu wire lensimbi; Tungsten kudingeka lapho TIG Welding.

Eqenjini lokuqala electrode isehlane izinhlobo eziyinhloko:

• Uncoated. Lolu hlobo yomculo esetshenziselwa RDS.
• Ehlanganisiwe. Conformal enamathela isetshenziswa sihlale sizinzile arc, ukuvikelwa metal unganqotshwa, ethonyeni igesi, okwandisa izici mechanical of the weld ngu doping yemvelo (contact encibilika izakhi alloying kuya weld pool ibha).

Sebenzisa ngokuvumelana uhlobo lomsebenzi

Izinhlobo electrode ngoba imanuwali arc Welding, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, kufanele isicelo ngabanye kuncike imisebenzi indlela.

Carbon electrode ingamboziwe - Welding eyinhloko okusunguliwe, elingelakwaJuda N. N. Benardosu ngaphansi godu 1882 - asetshenziselwa ezikhathini zanamuhla. Izici: DC, polarity iqonde, ukuthengisela ezingeziwe yamathebhu wire, arc ezinzile, induku kancane burns, carbonization kwenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa reverse polarity arc izici futhi kunciphisa umphetho (ke carburized).

I electrode metal - elandelayo kokusungulwa osensimini zokushisela ubuchwepheshe, elingelakwaJuda N. G. Slavyanovu (1888). Ndawonye nabo umsuka prototypes imishini Welding yesimanje. Zokushisela izinduku nge meltable wathola isicelo letibanti umkhakha futhi wasitholela ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo. Kuze kube manje, elisetshenziswa arc manual, othomathikhi futhi semi-automatic (kwamanzi Arc) Welding.

Tungsten electrode, ngenxa ukuncibilika lokushisa high 3422˚S esetshenziswa njengoba infusible ngaphansi argon Welding. Ngakho, ubuchwepheshe obehlukene Welding ukuhlangabezana ezithile electrode.

Distribution ngesivumelwano

Destination - lena isici lapho wabelane konke eyaziwa electrode. Izinhlobo nama-rod isicelo okhonjiswe incwadi efanayo (GOST 9466-75):

• steel kwesakhiwo, kuhlanganise ephansi ingxubevange nge ngamandla 60 kgf / mm ² (600 MPA) ku Ukumaka ngendlela ebekwe incwadi "Y" - carbon;
• lezinsimbi constructional elixutshiwe kokuba ngamandla 600 MPA - «L»;
• ephezulu ingxubevange lezinsimbi kwesakhiwo - "B";
• ezimelana nokushisa steel elixutshiwe - "T";
• Alloys nge anezakhi ezikhethekile, okuyizinto inotiyela libhekene - "H".

Ukuqokwa kuvezwa brand ebanzi.

induku enamathela

A ezihlukahlukene ukwakheka kanye umsuka ezinengilazi asetshenziswa ezimweni ngamanye tintfo letitinhlobonhlobo. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo electrode ezinengilazi:

• Omuncu "A". Iqukethe carbon ferromanganese futhi ferrosilicon. Basuke zisetshenziselwa ngqo noma i-DC. Ngezimiso eziphakeme ukuncibilika amazinga. ukusebenzisa kangcono ezinkulu aphansi.
• Rutile "P". Iqukethe rutile (ama-titanium dioxide), carbonates, aluminosilicates, ferromanganese, waterglass. Welding ezivuzayo noma yisiphi isimo kanye nohlobo lamanje ngqo noma ngqo. Ngenxa ngokulandelana zamakhemikhali, a slag zokuzivikela evimbela izakhi ukutubeka okukhulu kakhulu. Good izinga welds, ubuthi ongaphakeme.
• I-cellulose "C". Yakhiwa cellulose, nsimbi manganese, talc, rutile, carbon ferromanganese. Yakha igesi zokuzivikela emhlabeni arc futhi weld pool. Ngoba bonke ezivuzayo; esinejubane yomsebenzi; izinga enhle; akufanele bavunyelwe ukuba okweqile; ukulahlekelwa esindayo sishaye. Isetshenziselwa unomphela isixhumanisi amapayipi.

• Ukhiye "B". Njengengxenye carbonates ne-calcium-fluoride. Ukwakheka ngesikhwama esivikelayo carbon dioxide ngenxa ukusabela carbonates nge arcing umoya-mpilo. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukwenza umsebenzi ngaphansi zamanje njalo polarity ohlangothini reverse. Phakathi Welding eziguquguqukayo etholwe yekhwalithi ephansi umthungo, ubuchwepheshe eyengeziwe ukuthuthukisa izici zayo lokukhanda.
• Okunye "P". Iqukethe izakhi alloying. Izinga weld luphakanyiswa ngokwethula kuwo ethile alloying tincenye electrode consumable.
• Special. Iqukethe waterglass nge izinto okhipha inhlaka. Vikela kusuka umswakama. Isetshenziselwa Welding kwamanzi.

nenhloso eqondiwe konke electrode simboziwe. Uhlobo eyinhloko enamathela kuyinto rutile ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi. Coatings enze umsebenzi avikelayo deoxidizing ingxubevange echibini ezibunjiwe, unezela nalokho izakhi alloying, ukwakheka nokubingelela yamagesi ovikelayo noma slag. Lokhu ugwema bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi weld izinga ngaphandle impahla onqenqemeni izingxenye, ukuqinisekisa kumiswa okunomsoco welds.

izidingo Ithuluzi zokuhlola ezasungulwa GOST 9466-75

• I electrode kumele kwenziwe ephezulu impahla izinga.
• I enamathela kufanele kube njengoba yayinjalo futhi abanalo ukukhubazeka ezinkulu (khona bavunyelwe ka Nicks amancane imifantu ngaphandle amabhamuza futhi porosity).
• High ukumelana mechanical kuya imithelela ngephutha.
• Imihlobo ehlukeneko electrode nombala enamathela encibilikisiwe akumelwe sidilike ngaphandle obumba neziqhingana engalingani ngeke wafutha phezu izici kuvunyelwe.
• Umphini Kumele unikeze kumiswa izinga weld: akukho imifantu, ikhule ezimbotsheni, lendawo ngokweqile weld metal.
• ukukhetha Rational ngokuhambisana nayo yonke imingcele ezidingekayo nokulandela ubuchwepheshe - isihluthulelo ekwakhekeni okunokwethenjelwa uxhumano ngokuqinile.

Ukukhethwa induku kuye ngobukhulu

izinhlobo ezaziwayo UWelder Novice kangcono electrode, kunqunywa ubukhulu. I ububanzi we ithuluzi lapho umsebenzi kuzokwenziwa kuyakhethwa ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile ukujiya workpiece. Akafuni ibethelwe, njengoba abonisa ngokucacile ithuluzi kophawu. Ubude electrode nayo fixed ngokuvumelana ubukhulu bayo. Kubalulekile unombono ka ubude ukuphela abaphundlwe ithuluzi uncoated.

I ukushuba onqenqemeni lelungiselelwe, mm	Electrode ubukhulu, d, mm	Electrode obuphelele, mm	Ubude ukuphela abaphundlwe lingagutshuzelwe, mm
2	2	200-250	20
3 kuya 5	3-4	300-450	25
6 kuya ku-8	4-5	350-450	25
9 kuya ku-12	5-6	350-450	30
13 kuya ku-15	6-7	450	30

Ukuze ikhaya Welding ezisetshenziswa kakhulu izinhlobo electrode ngoba arc Welding nge ububanzi 2-4 mm. Amabha abajonqile ziwusizo sisesimweni izitolo kanye nokukhiqiza.

enamathela wugqinsi

It has isiqu sawo ithuluzi wokugubha. It is kuchazwe isilinganiso Coefficient yayo D (mm) ka induku kuya d ukujiya (mm). Zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu 4:

• mncane "M" (isilinganiso ku-1.2);
• isilinganiso "C" (isici inenani phakathi 1.2 kanye 1.45);
• obukhulu "D" (ratio - ngaphakathi 1,45-1,8);
• ikakhulukazi obukhulu "D" (ukubaluleka Coefficient ka 1.8).

Ngo imiphumela yethonya hhayi kuphela izinhlobo ezinengilazi inhlukano arc Welding electrode, kodwa futhi ukushuba we ungqimba enamathela, nenduku osayizi. Ukukhetha Ofanele ubukhulu electrode ihlinzeka isivinini ezinhle, futhi izinga kwemigomo arc ezakhiwe uxhumano.

Ukukhethwa izinduku kuncike hlobo ngokuhlanganyela kanye isikhundla salo ngekwendzawo

Ezivuzayo kukhona ngeengaba eziningana:

• Kuye izenzo zamabutho letinkhulu: flank, frontal, etshekile, ukuphela.
• Ngokuhambisana yokuma izingxenye ashiselwe: abutting, ekhoneni, Tees, vnakladku kwakwakhe.
• Kuye ukutholakala onqenqemeni wotho: Wotho kungekho wotho.
• Ngokuhambisana isikhundla emkhathini: phansi, phezulu, enezingqimba, ikhangele.

Kukhethwa kuthinta isikhundla kwezendawo umphetho. uhlobo yayo kuvezwa induku wokugubha.

• 1 - I-Welding kuzo zonke izikhundla;
• 2 - ukukhishwa kuyasebenza kuphela ezivuzayo mpo kusukela phezulu kuze kufike phansi;
• 3 - I-emalungeni ephansi, ovundlile y indiza mpo mpo kusukela phansi kuze;
• 4 - I-ezinkulu aphansi.

isihlobo uhlobo umphetho isikhundla ngekwendzawo is sicabange ngazo lapho sinquma anamuhla.

Ithonya kagesi arc imingcele okukhethiwe zokushisela amathuluzi

Zokushisela esiyolandelwa ngaphansi zamanje ngqo noma ngokuqondile, eqondile ( "lokususa" electrode, "plus" umkhiqizo) noma polarity reverse. Kukhethwa incike impahla ashiselwe futhi izakhiwo zalo. ifomu wamanje kunqunywa umthombo wamandla.

Imishini main kwenta ubuye ugcogce (noma) zamanje ukuguqulela zingasetshenziswa: transformers futhi oscillators (aphansi supply voltage emagugwini kunesidingo) converters futhi rectifiers (iguqulwe kushintshana zamanje amapayipi ibe ngqo wamanje Welding inqubo).

Amapharamitha oludingekayo ukuze ukuthungela arc, zihluke ngokuphelele olimini lezo usukela ngesikhathi yesondlo yayo. Voltage adingekayo kumiswa okusheshayo i arc, ngokuthi voltage evulekile-circuit. Cabanga voltages adingekayo ukuze ukuthungela we arc futhi balondoloze amandla omlilo yayo.

Buka okwamanje	Vula wesifunda voltage, V	Voltage balondoloze arc e
variable	50-80	20-30
unomphela	45-50	16-25

Izinhlobo zokushisela electrode ziyehluka okuncike izici inethiwekhi futhi okhonjiswe izinombolo kusukela 0 kuya 9:

• 0 - kuphela zamanje njalo polarity okuphambene;
• 1-9 - nganoma yisiphi imisinga;
• 1, 4, 7 - yimuphi polarity;
• 2, 5, 8 - umugqa;
• 3, 6, 9 - ukuhlanekezela;
• 1-3 - evulekile wesifunda voltage 50 V;
• 4-6 - 70 V;
• 7-9 - 90 V

Ukukhetha ezithinta izici ubuchwepheshe kanye izinga izici amalunga omzimba. Ngakho, emfushane ukujula provarivaniya inikeza sisebenze variable inethiwekhi imingcele. Isetshenziselwa izinto linesizotha namadizayini elula. Lapho Welding arc ezinezici njalo futhi reverse polarity wechibi weld ukujula izakhiwo mechanical of the weld etholakala 50% ephakeme kunaleyo ngisho ne polarity oqondile. Isetshenziselwa izinto Ezingalapheki futhi izakhiwo ezibucayi.

Definition of amperage

Lapho arc Welding uhlobo inhlukano kungaba ezahlukene - ukusuka 30 kuya 600 A. Ukukhethwa yenani oyifunayo luncike ububanzi we zokusebenza electrode futhi umphetho uhlobo maqondana isikhundla kwendawo. It ibalwa kanje:

• Ukuze ezivuzayo engezansi: Mina = d * k.
• Ukuze phezulu - I = k * d * 0.8.
• Ovundlile - I = k * d * 0,85.
• Ukuze ezivuzayo mpo - I = k * d * 0.9.

lapho mina - umfutho zamanje, A;

d - ubukhulu, mm;

k - Coefficient A / mm.

Coefficient incike ububanzi induku:

• Electrode 1-2 mm - k = 25-30 A / mm;
• 3-4 mm - k = 30-45 A / mm;
• 5-6 mm - k = 45-60 A / mm.

Ukukhulisa amandla ukusebenza ngesivinini inqubo Welding. I ihaba yamanani eyamukelekayo kungaholela okweqile emaphethelweni, ngokweqile izingxenye burnup, ompofu izinga weld.

wokugubha

Ukuze sinake ukubona izimpawu ezifihlekile imbangela ezibalulekile wokugubha Ngokwesibonelo ejwayelekile ngokuhambisana GOST 9466-75 futhi 9467-75 (E42A-UONI-13 / 45-3,0 DMPA) / (E432 (5) -B10).

• Brand: SSSI-13/45.
• Uhlobo: E42A - electrode RDS ihlinzeka amandla weld of 420 MPA ductility anda (A).
• 3.0 - 3 mm ububanzi.
• U - I-Welding carbon lensimbi kanye ongaphakeme-ingxubevange izakhiwo.
• D - enamathela obukhulu.
• E432 (5) - amakhodi, okuyinto ziyabethelwa nemisho lemagalagala izici ukushisela metal.
• 43 - amandla eqine ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-430 MPA;
• 2 - ukunwebeka akuyona esingaphansi 24%;
• kuyinto Welding kungenzeka nganoma okushisa afinyelela -40˚S - 5; kuyilapho sihlinzeka ubuncane ukubaluleka avumelekile ukuqina kwensimbi 34 J / cm ^2.
• B - base elingenamikhono.
• 1 - isikhundla kwezendawo umphetho: iyiphi.
• 0 - Welding arc kuphela izici njalo futhi polarity oqondile.

Ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye brand zokushisela amathuluzi

Konke okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla ezihlobene ngaphezulu kuya kophawu of electrode for steel RDS. izibonelo Okubalulekile rod esetshenziselwa ezihlukahlukene izinsimbi ayoni futhi nonferrous. Ngezansi izinhlobo zawo ezivamile.

Izinhlobo electrode basakaza ngokuvumelana predetermined weld zensimbi ejwayelekile izici mechanical of the weld.

Carbon ongaphakeme-ingxubevange izinduku steel ashiselwe izinhlobo:

• E42: brand Ano-6, ELN-17, WCC-4M.
• E42: SSSI-13/45, SSSI-13 / 45A.
• E46: Ano-4, ELN-34, i-TAU-6.
• E46A: SSSI-13 / 55k, ano-8.
• E50: WCC-4A, 550-U.
• E50A: Ano-27 Ano-TM, BAYO-4C.
• E55: SSSI-13 / 55U.
• E60: Ano-TM60, SSSI-13/65.

Elixutshiwe ephezulu amandla steel:

• E70: 1-ANP, ANP-2.
• E85: SSSI-13/85, SSSI-13 / 85U.
• E100: AN-HN7, OZSH-1.

High ingxubevange lezinsimbi: E125: RI-3M, E150: NIAT-3.

Ekuvezeni metal: OZN-400M / 15G4S, EN-60M / E-70H3SMT, OZN-6 / 90H4G2S3R, UONI-13 / H1-BC / E-09H31N8AM2, CN-6M / E-08H17N8S6G, OZSH-8 / 11H31N11GSM3YUF.

Iron: OZCH-2 / Cu, OZCH-3 / Ni, OZCH-4 / Ni.

Aluminium futhi Alloys yayo: OAD-1 / Al, ozan-1 / Al.

Copper Alloys yayo: ANZ / aur-2 / Cu, EHS-2M / CuSn.

Nickel futhi Alloys yayo RLA-32.

Ohlwini ngenhla kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi tekumaka luyindida kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela esekelwe cishe izimiso ezifanayo ekufihleni izici induku, enamathela yayo, ububanzi, khona izakhi alloying.

Ikhwalithi ilunga weld kuxhomeke flowsheet kahle. On iziphi izinhlobo electrode abakhethiwe, lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• impahla Weldable futhi impahla yayo, khona izakhi alloying nokuthi leso senzo senziwe alloying.
• ukushuba umkhiqizo.
• Uhlobo isikhundla umphetho.
• kwakwakhe elishiwo noma izakhiwo mechanical metal weld.

UWelder Novice ezibalulekile ukuze uzulazule izimiso eziyisisekelo ukukhetha kanye namathuluzi wokugubha ngoba Welding steel, kanye ukusebenza nokusatshalaliswa lemikhiqizo izinduku ngenhloso, azi nezinhlobo eziyisisekelo electrode nangokugculisayo uzisebenzise ngesikhathi Welding.