Culture of Russia 10-13 eminyaka. Inani ukwamukelwa kobuKristu

Igcinwe kuze kube yimanje, imithombo ukutshela mayelana izici of kumiswa isimo, ngalokho kwaba isiko ERussia yasendulo. 10-13 leminyaka, wadlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekuthuthukeni emkhakheni okungokomoya yezwe. Lokhu kwaba yinkathi kumiswa nokwanda of feudalism. Culture of Russia kwamiswa ngesisekelo ipumelelo izizwe ke ekhona futhi wakufeza lokho kubo Sarmatians namaSkithe. Yiqiniso, yomoya yesizwe futhi indawo ngayinye ubunjalo bayo siqu kanye kwaba ngaphansi kwethonya uthi angomakhelwane.

Nkolo entsha

Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka ukwamukelwa kobuKristu. EByzantium yaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni impilo engokomoya yabo bonke abantu. Nge ukwamukelwa of inkolo entsha 988, ngonyaka ifake isiko lasendulo impucuko yokuqala yesiGreki. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zindawo zibe khona sphere ezingokomoya ithonya kanye ubuqaba Slavic. Naphezu ukwamukelwa ngokukholwa omusha, wayeqhubeka ephila endaweni ezifundeni eziningi. ubuqaba Slavic ebonakaliswa cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo. Ukususa kwathatha indawo angesabi. Nokho, kwenziwa imizamo ukuze kuqiniswe ukholo olusha, ukwenza kube kufinyeleleke, eduze nabantu, sichaze kubo lokho okushiwo ukwamukelwa kobuKristu. Isonto wakhela ezindaweni lapho amathempeli atholiwe ngaphambili. Ngakho lolu kholo olusha lwangena izakhi deification bemvelo. Ezinye abangcwele isibaluli indima konkulunkulu bakudala. Elements kokuphila okungokomoya waseByzantium zayo zishintshwe futhi wathola, amafomu ethize kazwelonke. Wabo kancane kancane waqala ukuthatha balolonge isiko elisha yeRussia. "10-13 ekhulwini wanika ivangeli nesiko" - ngakho wabhala kamuva Pushkin. Ethembele amasiko ayo wakudala nemikhuba, amakhosi bakwazi ukwakha ohlangothini olusha ngokuphelele. Russia kuye kwathuthukisa isiko European, umkhiqizo omusha, eyinqaba kuphela kumafomu wakhe amathempeli, isithonjana imidwebo, uhlobo imidwebo. Akufanele udidekile ne WaseByzantium, naphezu ubuhlobo okusobala ulimi ezibukwayo.

Architecture Russia Lasendulo

10-13 ekhulwini kwaba nakangaka ekuthuthukiseni bokwakha. Kwaphela isikhathi eside izwe "lokhuni". Towers, indlu, indlwana, - konke eyakhelwe kwezinkuni. Lokhu amakhosi ezibonakalayo olotshwe nombono wabo ingxenye nokwakhiwa ubuhle isimo ezizungezile. isiko yonke laseRussia aqala ukushintsha ukwamukelwa of inkolo WaseByzantium. 10-13 ekhulwini kwaba iyinkathi yezinguquko kusukela lokhuni esakhiwo setshe. Ukubhekana nesimo esinjalo esahambile eNtshonalanga Yurophu, njengoba abantu abahlala kuwo, njalo yakhiwa ngamatshe. izakhiwo Russian lokhuni babevamile amazinga amaningi izakhiwo, khona izindlu ahlukahlukene, umpheme, ukuhwebelana, imele, tower ne umbhoshongo. Kwaba bendabuko futhi siqopha. Ngaphansi kwethonya WaseByzantium ukwakhiwa impucuko isiko uye yasishintsha Russia. 10-13 ekhulwini kwaphawulwa ukwakhiwa amasonto ku model of cross-Dome wethempeli ngesiGreki. Izakhiwo zokuqala ezakhiwa ngokuhambisana esiqinile amasiko WaseByzantium. Yakhelwe ekhatsi Kiev Saint UZandile Cathedral kakade ibonisa inhlanganisela amasiko Russian nesiGreki. Ngesisekelo isonto cross-oluyingungu yagcotshwa izahluko nantathu. Isinyathelo Pyramid Council savuka isitayela bokwakha lokhuni. Isiqongo aphakeme kakhulu safinyelela phakathi nokubusa izakhiwo Bogolyubsky.

imfundo

Ngezinye isigaba esithile ekukhuleni komphakathi kwakudingekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo esisha sabantu ijulile ngokwanele. Ngakho kwakungasalanga ubudala 10-13 ebhaliwe. ERussia, yebo, ku abantu esidlule bakwazi ukuveza imicabango yabo ephepheni. Kodwa ubudlelwane kwezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho babé eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukwakheka wekuba sive. Lezi izimo Umake esigabeni esilandelayo ababedlula isiko Russia. 10-13 ekhulwini kwakuyinkathi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni amathuluzi yokuqinisa ukuxhumana imibono, imicabango kanye nolwazi emkhathini, ukugcinwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwe- yomoya. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-alfabhethi yadalwa. ivela khona lihlotshaniswa namagama uCyril noMethodius - Byzantine izindela zevangeli. Nokho, zibonisa ezimbili zamagama - Glagolitic futhi Cyrillic. The mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo omunye ofike kuqala, baba isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Namuhla-ke kubhekwa elingenakuphikwa ukuthi zamagama Glagolitic sidalwe engxenyeni 2 wangekhulu lesi-9, kanti izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic sekukhona ekuqa- namakhulu eminyaka 9-10.

Incwadi yokuqala

Ithonya elithile empilweni yokomoya sabantu waba izincwadi 10-13 eminyaka. ERussia, eziningi zezincwadi abhidlizwa ngesikhathi Mongol Ukuhlasela nemililo eziningi. Ubude agcinwayo 150 kuzo zonke ezazikhona ngaphambili. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke kubhekwa "Ostrom Gospel". Labhalwa Gregory nedikoni 1057-m ngoba Ostromir (imeya Novgorod). Izinga eliphansi amakhono, ezazigcwele izincwadi Usufike isikhathi sethu ukhuluma ngani ukukhiqizwa kulayini zemibhalo yesandla njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11, i-ezimisiwe ngesikhathi amakhono abo kwakhiwe luhlaka. Izincwadi akopishwa ikakhulukazi emizini yamaLoma.

ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala

Esikhathini 12 izikebhe ekhulwini ubhalwe kabusha idluliselwe edolobheni. Ukuvela e imizana ezinkulu "Incwadi yokuchaza" kubonisa ukusabalala kokukwazi phakathi kwabantu. Libuye libonise ukwanda funa izincwadi. Bababhali eyaziwa 39, 15 nje kuphela labo ababeqhubeka isigungu sabefundisi. Abanye abazange abonisa ukuhlobana isonto. Nokho, naphezu ukusabalala kokukwazi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, main ncwadi isikhungo wahlala zezindela, workshop ekhethekile eziqhutshwa ngaphansi kwazo. Basebenza amaqembu unomphela abakopishi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi workshop babehilelekile kwakhiwa zemihla.

Russia Art

10-13 leminyaka, kuphawulwa ukukhula zamabutho, ibulala ubunye zezombusazwe futhi indawo yezwe. Ukuwa isimo kwaba umphumela yokukhulisa emafeni amakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho emizini. Kwakamuva baba izikhungo ezintsha izingxenye ezimele yezwe futhi wafuna ukuzimela kwezombusazwe. Isisho indima yabo siqu nangamandla emadolobheni amaningi baba art. 10-13 ekhulwini wabhaliswa eRussia libhekene kumiswa ungubani izifunda zezwe. okwakhe yabo itholakala inhlanganisela izici zendawo emasikweni Kiev.

izithonjana

Ubuciko lasendulo yeRussia , savela endaweni ephakathi. Njengoba iWest ne-East, lo mkhuba kwakunjalo nakwezinye izindawo esontweni. It is refracted ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu bezibona ukuphila kobuKristu, bagcine iconography. Ezinye isithonjana Vladimir-Suzdal amakhosi wangekhulu le-12, efana ngesitayela eKiev, wadala ngekhulu le-11. Lezi imisebenzi, isibonelo, zihlanganisa i side image "Deesis" kusukela kweNyuka Cathedral. Nge ikhono Kiev abaculi exhunywe nabadumile Yaroslavl Orans. umzimba wayo omkhulu futhi ngokubabazekayo eduze ngezabelo yayo Kiev yamatshe. Yaroslavl Oranta isithonjana sifana DM onesizotha. EThesalonika. It walethwa kusukela Dmitrov. Lolu phawu ngewesimethri ezahlukene, njalo, futhi "sculptural" ukumodeliswa ukukhanya ukubonakala.

umculo

Indawo ekhethekile empilweni Russian wanikwa iculo nangemidanso. Umculo ephelezelwa abantu emikhankasweni, imisebenzi, izimpesheni ayeyingxenye ebalulekile wemikhosi nemikhosi. ethandwa phakathi amathuluzi babe izigubhu (Uthwale, ithamborini), nethusi (uphondo, uphondo ipayipi, zhaleyka), amayunithi wezinhlamvu (ihabhu). On the nemidwebo adumile e-St Sophia Cathedral okubonisa abaculi kanye abadansi. Kufanele ukuthi ngokwezinga nokusebenzisa amathuluzi wayehlukile. Amashubhu, isibonelo, ukwenziwa njengoba okuwuphawu izindlela abazingeli. Amathamborini nezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo yasetshenziswa wedwa noma emculweni imikhosi futhi ukuzijabulisa. Kwezinye imithombo kunezinkomba zokuthi ukubukeka kusenesikhathi izinhlobo zomculo. Lokhu kakhulu bakhuthazwa ukwamukelwa kobuKristu. Ehamba kuculwa yokukhulekela. Waqhubeka lokucula amabhuku ihlanganiswe ngokukhethekile. usuku okunjalo wesandla kusukela ngekhulu le-12. Kuzo, ngaphezu imibhalo yesonto, kukhona zomculo notation "izingwegwe" futhi "amafulegi".

Okuqukethwe kanye isiqondiso okuthuthuka ngokomoya

Kuchazwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi inqubo zomlando namasiko eRussia yayisekelwe Folk art. It iye yaba umthombo omkhulu kanye esizoqala kuso ukubala nentuthuko engokomoya yabo bonke abantu. Esikhathini nemibandela kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, kokuhlasela elimazayo izitha angaphandle Russia wembula ehlukile isiko lokusungula abantu. Ayenakho eseneminyaka futhi lula ukuthuthukiswa isimo. Isiko Russia ibonisa umuzwa ukukhanya ukuba nethemba lokuhle, ke uba okuphila-evuma. Indalo abantu ababehlala enkathini amakhosi asendulo, libhekene:

• inkolelo ukuthi ubuhle ngokuqinisekile mazingethabi okubi.
• Nobuhle ezempi kanye zabasebenzi migilingwane.
• zokuziphatha okuphezulu kanye izikhulu.
• nothando olungenabugovu ngoba izwe labo.
• Ongashi amahlaya okuhle.
• izinkondlo Deep.
• Tags Ukukhetha bendabuko ukuphila imihlola, ukunemba nangokuhluzeka izilinganiso zawo.

Zonke lezi zimfanelo eziyingqayizivele abantu Russian e ngandlela-thile uzwakalise hhayi kuphela izincwadi eRussia ephakathi, kodwa futhi izithonjana esemathuneni akudala, izakhiwo, kanye nomculo.

ukuthonya izinto

Ukuthuthukiswa Russia 10-13 isiko. Ukushintshwa kwalo kwabonisa indlela isici kule nkathi ukuphikisana kanye izici. Tibangela izinqubo ethinta ezomnotho, zezombusazwe ezingalindelekile ezenzeka esifundeni. Indlela zokukhiqiza obabukhona uhlelo lapho izinduna, elinesimo conservatism ethile ekuthuthukiseni amabutho ukukhiqizwa. Ngoba kwakufanele libhekene kwemihlambi umnotho wemvelo. Kwakuthinta kunalokho kahle athuthukile exchange. Konke lokhu kubambezela ekuthuthukiseni impucuko, ukudala izithiyo ekwakhekeni izici zendawo kanye namasiko. Ithonya elithile empilweni yokomoya zabantu ehlasela Tatar-amaMongol.

isiphetho

Yiqiniso, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze isiko Russian kwaba predominance nemibono engokwenkolo. A indima, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, babesonta. Yena nomthelela ukusabalala kwabantu ukufunda nokubhala, ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo ngcono. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isonto aphathwe ngokucophelela wasivikela umqondo wemfundiso yabo. Walibonisa ubutha izitayela ezintsha kwamasiko. Isonto kwakhiwa isithiyo sokuthuthukiswa isayensi, ngcono ulwazi lobuchwepheshe. Noma kunjalo, impumelelo yamasiko eRussia medieval izimiso ebalulekile isimo. Bayingxenye kazwelonke ifa, ubukhulu inkazimulo kubantu.