Indaba yempi yimuphi uhlobo lwezincwadi? Izici nezici zezincwadi zempi

Indaba yempi iyinhlobo eyakhiwa ngenkathi iKivanvan Rus. Ukuba yinto eyingqayizivele yokuqala yokubhala, imisebenzi efanayo yafinyelela kumfundi wanamuhla njengengxenye yemihla ngemihla yasendulo.

Izici Eziyinhloko

Indaba yezempi yimiqulu yezincwadi, ezinesakhiwo esiqinile sokubhala. Zisekelwe ngesitayela esiyingqayizivele. Phakathi nendawo isu umzabalazo wesosha waseRussia nomuntu ongaphandle. Umlando ulandelaniswa nomqondo ofanayo wezwe jikelele wabakhileyo baseKivanvan Rus, okungukuthi: ngokholo ekubonakalisweni kwentando yaphezulu kanye nomthelela walo emisebenzini yabantu abavamile.

Incazelo yenhlobo

Indaba yempi ngumthombo obalulekile womlando. Kodwa-ke, ngokuqondene nencazelo yalesi simo samasiko, imibono yabacwaningi ihlukile. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi indaba enjalo iyingxenye ebalulekile yomlando. Futhi kusuka eminye imibhalo ihlukaniswe isakhiwo sezempi. Izibonelo zama-athikili afanayo e-"IziKronike Zonyaka We-Bygone" - indaba ephathelene nomzabalazo olwa namaPechenegs, amaPolvania (XI-XII c.) NamaTatars (XIII-XIV c.).

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi indaba yezempi ingumsebenzi wokuzibhala ozimele , futhi akuyona ingxenye yezingqimba zaseRussia zasendulo. Isibonelo sokuqala salolu hlobo, bacabangela "I-Lay of Igor's Host".

Noma kunjalo, iyiphi indaba yezempi? Ezincwadini nasemlandweni, lesi simo sithatha indawo ebalulekile. Ukuhlanganisa izinguqulo ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla, singakha umqondo jikelele mayelana nawo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwendaba yezempi

Njengomhlobo ohlukile, ekugcineni wakhiwa ngekhulu le-12-13. Abalobi bemisebenzi yokuqala yokuziqhenya kwakuyisisekelo sezakhi ze-Kiev neGalicia-Volyn.

Izici zendaba yezempi yizo zonke izenzakalo ezivezwa ngokuzungeze umlingisi oyinhloko kuphela. Isakhiwo esinjalo akuyona ingozi. Inhloso yalo mlando ukuveza inzalo umfanekiso wesibhamu nomkhululi ekuhlaselweni kwesitha. Umphumela ekuthuthukiseni kwawo lolu hlobo lwafinyelela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XII. Wadalwa emibuthanweni ephakeme kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umlobi wezindaba zempi wadlulisela ngokuyinhloko amakhanda nezikhulu.

Indaba yeSvyatoslav

Lo msebenzi uyindaba yokuphila yobuntu obuqhawe obuqhawe. Amaqiniso akhulunywa kuwo anokwethenjelwa. Isakhiwo salolu daba luhlukaniswe ngeziqephu ezivela empilweni yeqhawe. Umlobi walo msebenzi womlando ugcizelela ukuthi iNkosana iSvyatoslav yayisondelene kakhulu namasosha akhe, izicabangela enye yazo.

Ukuba yingxenye yeqembu eliyisisekelo kungenxa yesimilo sokuziphatha ngalezo zikhathi. Futhi kwakuyisici esaba yisihluthulelo esithombeni se-Svyatoslav. Isakhiwo salendaba yezempi kunzima kakhulu. Izinkulumo eziningi ze-hero nezinkulumo zakhe phambi kweqembu liyinkimbinkimbi yokuqonda komfundi wanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba iqukethe amaqiniso engeziwe kanye nemininingwane. Zonke lezi zakhi zifakwe ematheksthini ngamabomu. Zichaza inkathi lapho iNkosi uSvyatoslav ihlala khona.

Umlingisi oyinhloko uboniswa njengeqhawe elinesibindi nesibindi. Omunye wabantu abaphila ngesikhathi salomlando wezempi waqhathanisa iSvyatoslav ne-cheetah eqondile yejubane lakhe kanye nomsebenzi wokulwa. Izici eziyinhloko zendaba yezempi ngokuqondile kulokhu kuboniswa ngabaphathi bezempi. Abalingiswa ezincwadini zalolu hlobo akuzona izikhulu ezihloniphekile nezingenangqondo, kodwa amaqhawe akwazi ukukhuthazelela zonke izinkinga zempilo yasempi.

Umlando weNkosana u-Izyaslav

Lo msebenzi ungenye yezikhumbuzo ezinhle kakhulu zincwadi zakudala zaseRashiya zohlu lobuciko. Iphinde ibuse udumo lwe-protagonist. Indaba iqala ngencazelo yomcimbi obalulekile womlando: Izyaslav ubizwa esihlalweni sobukhosi saseKiev.

Kodwa kulo msebenzi awukho ubunye bezici zezindlela ze-stylistic ne-ideological. Indaba ye-Prince Izyaslav ithathelwa yindaba ngokubulawa kwabantu kuka-Igor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemikhankaso eminingi eboniswayo kanye nenqubomgomo yezobuzwe. Umlobi-umbhali wale ndaba yezempi ukhuthaza ukuhlonishwa nobuqotho bomlingiswa oyinhloko. Imfanelo ebonakala esithombeni sesikhulu isilungele njalo ukubeka impilo yakhe engozini, ukuzinikela ekuthandweni kukaNkulunkulu, ikhono lokuveza ngokuphana okungavamile kubafundisi. Futhi, njengoSvyatoslav, u-Izyaslav uthanda kakhulu iqembu lakhe.

Umlando womkhankaso ka-Igor kuya kumaPolandvets

Lo msebenzi we-annalistic uqukethe imijikelezo emibili. Owokuqala ubonisa umkhankaso ophawulekayo ka-Igor nokufa kweSvyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Owesibini unemvelaphi yaseChernigov-enyakatho. Umlobi wombhalo wezincwadi uveza u-Igor njengomuntu onamandla wokuhlonipha amasosha. Ekuchazeni komkhankaso kunemininingwane encane ebonisa ukuqwashisa komgcini wezincwadi. Umdali wale fragment, mhlawumbe, wayengabambe iqhaza empini, kodwa wathola ulwazi lokuqala.

Indaba yamahlaya mayelana noDani Danilo

Indaba yokuphila yalesi sibalo somlando yinto ebalulekile yomsebenzi. Isithombe sikaDanilo Galichsky sinikezwe izici zombusazwe ohlakaniphile nesinkosana seqhawe. Encwadini yakhe, eyayibiza ngokuthi "i-chronograph", elingisa abalobi bezinye izizwe, umlobi wezithombe wabonisa imikhankaso nempi, ukuhlanganyela e- Battle of Kalka. Lo msebenzi ubhekwa incazelo eningiliziwe yesimo sengqondo senkosi kanye neqembu lakhe ngaphambi kwempi.

Indaba yokuchitha uRyazan nguBatu

Umsebenzi ungenye yezinto zokuqala, hhayi ingxenye yama-annals. Le ndaba iyimisebenzi ehlukene yokubhala nokubhala. Yakhelwe ngokuhlanganiswa okulandelanayo kweziqephu zomlando ezihlukene. Futhi kulo msebenzi wokubhala okokuqala, hhayi kuphela isikhulu, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlamvu zinikezwa izici zobuntu. Umlobi akachazi nje kuphela izenzakalo, kodwa futhi uveza umbono wakhe, esebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zobuciko. Kunezindlela ezihamba phambili - izibalo ezilandelanayo, ezenzelwe ukuqinisa ulimi olufanekisayo.

Ukwakhiwa

Lolu hlobo lunesakhiwo esithile. Indaba yezempi ihlanganisa, njengokubusa, izingxenye ezintathu. Owokuqala ubonisa ukuqoqwa kwamabutho. Esesibili sizinikezele kulo mcimbi ngokwawo, okuyinto eyisihluthulelo kulesi sakhiwo. Futhi okwesithathu, umbhali ubeka imiphumela eyabangela umkhankaso wamaqhawe. Ukwakhiwa okunjalo kuyisici sezindaba zasempi. Kodwa-ke, kunemibhalo lapho ukuxhaphazwa nemikhankaso yamasosha aseRashiya kuchazwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi.