Ubuciko kanye Ezokuzijabulisa, Izincwadi
Ithebula ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo Pushkin. Ukuphila umsebenzi Pushkin
Ukudala Russian ubuhlakani etemibhalo A. S. Pushkina mkhulu futhi muhle kakhulu angenamkhawulo ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange. Mfushane ithebula ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo Pushkin, yebo, akunjalo zonke ingalingani. He kubhekwa umsunguli we yolimi lwanamuhla Russian. Nesazi, imbongi, umxoxi wemidlalo Pushkin uthande ukufunda izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Sekuyisikhathi eside isikhathi Pushkin yaphinde yadlula. Kodwa ifa akhe okudala namanje ehlala ngokuphila kwakhe temibhalo esigabeni futhi ebhayisikobho, ethwele kunencazelo ejulile zefilosofi olusankondlo, ephumela ngamunye ngendlela yalo, kuze kufike imfundo nokuqeqeshwa, kanye nekutfutfukiswa kwetindzawo zokuziphatha nezingokomoya.
lozalo Pushkin
Ukuze aqonde umbono zokudala futhi lyrical kwemizwelo A. S. Pushkina, kumelwe siqale sihlole yomlando wakhe ukuthi wayenobuhlobo olunesivunguvungu kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo. ithebula ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo Pushkin (ngokuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi) iqukethe eziningi izinsuku ezibalulekile. Ngo esifushane zokuphila sikhishwe kuye, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza phakade ushiye i inkumbulo ongenakucimeka wokulingwa yena, sibonga imisebenzi yakhe ongafi.
Ukhokho imbongi kwaba ukuthi u-Abrama Petrovich Hannibal - Negro Ethiopia, ibhapathizwa futhi isilwane Tsar uPetru mina, owaba ujenene abadumile yebutho Russian nayizikhulu unjiniyela lempi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi A. S. Pushkin uyinzalo endala uhlobo yizicukuthwane kodwa abampofu Ioanna Groznogo izikhathi. Sergey Lvovich Pushkin - umzali imbongi - kwaba Major umhlala, owayeshade umphakathi lady Hope Osipovna, nee uHannibal. emshadweni wabo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi misalliance, njengoba kwakumelwe enkulu ngobudala.
umama Pushkin sika wayengumuntu omkhulu-Umshana umyeni wakhe, Sergeyu Lvovichu. Bashada ngo-1796. emshadweni wabo sasinamandla kangangokuba. Wawunezingane ayisishiyagalombili, kodwa abahlanu bashona ngo esewusana. Ayemaningi kuphela Olga, Aleksandru Leo, abenza imfundo ngokuvamile sithathelwe indawo abafundisi angaphandle.
Ebuntwaneni Pushkin, 1799-1811
Lo mfana, ababebekwe ezikhundleni ngokuthi u-Alexander, yazalwa ngo-1799, ngo-May 26 (ngokuvumelana ikhalenda entsha, Juni 6). Khona-ke abazali bakhe ababehlala e Moscow, ezitaladini German endlini Skvortsova. Umfana wakhula ngokomoya futhi ukudlala, nje ugogo wami, Gannibal uMariya Alekseevna, lapho ngokuvamile wahlala Zakharov suburban. Waba wekucala ngca unamathisele umzukulu wakhe ukufunda nokubhala atjela izindaba ezinganekwaneni umndeni. A yesibili Umngane wakhe omkhulu kwakulokhu ngophethe esithandayo, Arina. Yena wagxilisa esizayo ubuhlakani uthando kancane temdzabu Russian.
Kakade yiminyaka emakhulu asithoba Pushkin wayejwayelene umtapo kayise futhi wayenesithakazelo ukufunda imisebenzi yezimbongi ezidumile nabalobi ezifana Homer, uVoltaire, UPlutarch, nokunye. D. Eshukunyiswe imisebenzi Moliere, wabhala inkondlo yakhe kuqala isiFulentshi, uzama ithalente lakhe lalingakafiki kudalulwe e versification Russian.
Lyceum, 1811-1817
Ekwindla ka 1811 Pushkin wabhalisa semfundo ephakeme, i-Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum ngoba izingane yezikhulu. Kulapha Pushkin kwakhiwa siqu sengqondo nezombusazwe izinkolelo zazo, wembulwa njengoNkulunkulu imbongi omkhulu. Wayeba lyrical kubabangele injabulo. Iqala ngesikhathi Lyceum kubiliseni yangempela olusankondlo ukuphila Pushkin sika.
Wabhala izinkondlo mayelana 130, kuhlanganise nethi "Iwindi", "Ukuze umngane imbongi", "Isifiso", nabanye. Igama elisetshenziswe olimini lokuqala kanye inkimbinkimbi isethulo efakiwe izinkondlo zakhe esuka kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-izimbongi abasha wesimanje. Zomsoli VG Belinsky kakade babembheka ezazidingeka imbongi kazwelonke esikhathini esizayo. Phakathi nezifundo zakhe e-Lyceum Pushkin wangeniswa umbuthano tetemibhalo "Arzamas", eyanyatheliswa kuyi "Russian Muzeum" umagazini waqala inkondlo "Ruslan futhi ULyudmila".
Pushkin futhi Derzhavin 1815
ithebula Pushkin iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo iqukethe omunye umcimbi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi kubalulekile imbongi, yena uzobe ngesikhathi esisodwa wakhumbula Umlando wakhe. Ngolunye usuku ngo-January 1815, ngesikhathi Lyceum umphakathi ukuwo ukuhlolwa wayesemdala kakade kakhulu Derzhavin. Zonke abafundi Lyceum kakhulu ukumazisa phambi ukusebenza. Lapho Pushkin waya ufunde inkondlo yakhe "Umlando e Tsarskoye Selo" Derzhavin ngokushesha phathelana kakhulu opopayi, amehlo zakhe ezibenyezelayo. Pushkin weza endaweni, okuyinto ukhuluma egameni Derzhavin, izwi lakhe kwamenyezwa ukuthi, futhi inhliziyo yakhe yaqala ugqule. Lapho eseqedile, Derzhavin ngesasasa futhi njalo wafuna ukuba bamukele ingane onekhono, kodwa Pushkin ayephunyukile, bese-ke nje asitholanga.
Ehlobo lika abafundi lyceum 1817 baphumelele ezivivinyweni zabo sokugcina. Kufanele nakanjani ukusho ukuthi abafundi nabo eziningana esikoleni esiphakeme bese iqhaza nokuvukela Decembrist ngo-1825. Ngemva kokudedelwa indaba oluchaza ka Pushkin buthola ukujika entsha, futhi imbongi iqala ekhangayo ukuphila ezimele.
Petersburg ukuphila, 1817-1820
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphuma Lyceum, Pushkin Petersburg langena ukukhonza ku State College of Foreign Affairs. Kukhona ukuphila imbongi izozuswa hhayi kuphela fun futhi okuphumuzayo egcwele, yena babonakalise vein okuqhubekayo lokushisekela ubuzwe nemibono kanye izimo, okuyinto wahlala ngesikhathi intsha ahlukile. Wayezokwenza ukubhala ODE yakhe edumile ethi "Liberty", le nkondlo "Ukuze Chaadaev", "The Village" noT D. Pushkin iyaduma kakhulu futhi ubuntu owaziwa emibuthanweni wokuziphilisa, izinkondlo zakhe zezombangazwe zibanga isithakazelo esiqotho phakathi umphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi wakhokha. Tsar Alexander Ngifuna ukuthumela Pushkin bedingiselwe eSiberia. Kodwa lokulabhela Zhukovsky futhi Karamzin ugcine imbongi elinesibindi kusukela kule yesijeziso esikhulu, futhi wathunyelwa ukukhonza eCaucasus.
South isixhumanisi, 1820-1822
Ekuqaleni wayehlala eCaucasus, wabe eseya eCrimea, Kishinev, Odessa. Kuyo yonke le minyaka e kokudingiselwa eningizimu, ecabanga eziningi kanye nomsebenzi wakwenza ngokuzimisela ngalezi imisebenzi odumile njengoba "Prisoner of eCaucasus" futhi "Umthombo Bakhchisarai". Ngesikhathi esifanayo Waloba ukubayisigebengu nkondlo "Gabrieliad" ukushaya indaba iVangeli oNgcwele ke lokho uzozisola impilo yakho yonke. Kodwa-ke, umama osemusha futhi kushisa, kwaba namanje ekude kakhulu ke, njengoba eChisinau wajoyina lodge Masonic.
Xhumanisa e St Michael, 1824-1825
Ukuze iqhaza Freemasonry, okuyinto u-Alexander I wakhipha isimemezelo yenqabela Agasti 1, 1822, A. S. Pushkina wathumela eboshelwe endlini ngesikhathi izindlu umndeni wakhe Mikhailovskoye emzaneni eduze Pskov. Ngemva zokuphila Odessa Pushkin sika aminyene ezinomsindo ishintshile, ukubuyisa isosha esihlatshelelwayo badabuka kakhulu futhi unesizungu lapho. art kuphela baba insindiso wakhe waqhubeka ngokuzimisela. Wachitha iminyaka ethi ayibe mibili. Nanny Arina kusihlwa ubungazwa yezinganekwane yakhe. Uma ucabangela ukuphila kwayo engenabantu lakhanya futhi uthathe uhambo oluya umakhelwane-Umninindawo uPraskovya Alexandrovna Osipova, lapho kanye ngengozi wahlangana Anna Kern, ivesi kabani kamuva sanikezelwa "Ngiyakhumbula isikhashana emangalisayo."
Ngo uMichael, waqala ukusebenza phezu drama engokomlando "Boris Godunov", yayivamile ukuhambahamba umtapo Svyatogorsk oNgcwele Dormition Monastery, ukukhuluma izindela, ukushintsha imibono yakhe kanye nokuphila okungokomoya. Kusukela usiba lwayo ngaphandle "Eugene Onegin" futhi le nkondlo "amaGypsy". Ngakho izithunjwa waya iminyaka Pushkin.
Wedding nge Natalia Goncharova
Pushkin eyingoduso Goncharova, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye e Boldin ukuze kuxazululwe izimo zabo ifa, futhi kwakufanele kuhlale kukhona izinyanga ezintathu. Phuma imicabango belusizi, uyazikhandla nemisebenzi odumile inganekwane "Kwezinsizi Little", "Tales of the Late Ivana Vasilevicha Belkina", ngaphandle okuyinto namuhla engacabangeki eyabhalwa iyiphi nombhali biography of Pushkin.
ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo ibekwe ngezansi, hhayi owayinaka qiniso elibalulekile ukuthi eMoscow ngo-February 1831, A. S. Pushkin futhi Natalie Goncharova ebekiwe umqhele. Umshado naye kwaba ebulalayo ngempela kuye, bamyisa kokubili injabulo nosizi. Umkakhe Wawumnandi kangangokuthi kungcono crazy hhayi kuphela zasesigodlweni, kodwa futhi izicukuthwane ophambili.
I umndeni ka Pushkin saba nezingane ezine. Khona-ke yena wayesebenza khona esigodlweni Tsar Nicholas mina-umnumzana igumbi lokulala. Kodwa lokhu kwaba isikhundla ezijulileyo kwamadoda asebukhosini, wona ululazekile isithunzi imbongi. Ayikho imali eyanele, ngakho umndeni izikweletu zisakhula, futhi konke lokhu buthakathaka Pushkin. Ngalesi sikhathi waliloba tindzaba letimfisha, "Indlovukazi Spades", "I-Bronze wehhashi", inoveli "Dubrovsky", okuyinto uqede futhi akazange abe nesikhathi.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile waphinde lesula, isebenza kanzima endaweni yokugcina isimo futhi ngifuna ukubhala mayelana Pugachev, kudala "Contemporary" umagazini, lapho N. V Gogol ezinyathelisiwe, AI Turgenev, VA Zhukovsky, kodwa izinto ayizange ladyatsya.
Duel nge Dantes
Pushkin nomkakhe inethiwekhi kancane kancane Opletal of usongo nokunyundela, njengoba eziphikelelayo abasha engumFulentshi Dantes akazange ozodlulisa Natalia Goncharova. Khona-ke Pushkin, sivikele ilungelo umkakhe nomkhaya wakhe, wayemane baphoqeleka ukuba Duel Dantes iziqubu labetibambile: 27 Januwari 1837. Lokhu A. Duel S. Pushkin elambulala. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili Petersburg, wafa ovela ukuqaqamba buhlungu futhi isifo igazi, imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-eyokuhlanganyela Umpristi ongumOrthodox.
Februwari 6 1937, wembelwa emathuneni Engcwele Dormition Monastery, esemgwaqweni 5 km kusuka izindlu umndeni imbongi, edolobhaneni Mikhailovskoye Pskov esifundeni.
Nakhu yena - elihle, elikhanyayo, kodwa esifushane kakhulu - ukuphila Indaba ngu Pushkin, imbongi omkhulu Russian. Manje abantu besikhathi kungaba uzisole kuphela ngakho ekuqaleni futhi ngale ndlela ebuhlungu yaphela ukuphila kwakhe.
ithebula omfushane ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo zokuphila Pushkin sika
Juni 6, 1799 | Usuku lokuzalwa A. S. Pushkina eMoscow |
autumn 1811 | Ukwamukelwa Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum |
1812 | Ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe II. Eziqine ukushaqeka imbongi |
1813 | incwadi yokuqala ethi "Journal of Europe" "Ukuze umngane imbongi" inkondlo |
Januwari 1815 | Ukusebenza ukuhlolwa ngaphambi Derzhavin ne inkondlo "Umlando e Tsarskoye Selo" |
1817 | Qala zokuphila e Petersburg. |
1818 | Ukubhala ODE "Liberty" |
1819 | It yadalwa yinkondlo "The Village" |
Agasti 1820 | "Ruslan futhi ULyudmila" edition inganekwane |
May 1820 | Kuthunyelwe isixhumanisi eningizimu |
1820 | Ubhale le nkondlo "The Black itshali" futhi "ikhwezi acime" |
1820 | Wathweswa iziqu enkondlweni "Gabrieliad" umsebenzi "Ingoma Hlakaniphile Oleg", "Ukuze Chaadaev" inkondlo "Muse" |
1823-1824 GG. | Inkinga okudala |
Julayi 1824 | Izikhombo e Mikhailovskoe isikhathi nokuqala Michael |
1824 | Kwafika inkondlo "amaGypsy", le nkondlo "Ukuze Yasolwandle" nethi "Ukuxoxa Ngezinto nembongi umdayisi wezincwadi wangaleso" |
Novemba 1825 | Lwenza le nhlekelele "Boris Godunov" |
1824-1825 GG. | Sebenza ukwelulwa "Evgeniya Onegina" |
Disemba 14, 1825 | Idale inkondlo "Bala Nulin" |
Septhemba 8, 1826 | Izithameli UNikolai mina |
1827-1828 GG. | Yakha umkhiqizo "Arap Petra Elikhulu" |
1828 | Ukubhala inkondlo "Poltava" |
1830 | Nokuzibandakanya Natalia Goncharova |
1830 | Ukuthola ikhule ezimbotsheni zokudala Boldin. inoveli okuthuthukisiwe "Eugene Onegin" |
Februwari 1831 | Wedding nge Natalia Goncharova |
1833 | Ithola izikhundla umnumzana igumbi lokulala nombusi esigodlweni |
1834 | ukwesula |
1836 | Ukudala "Contemporary" Umagazini |
4 Novemba 1836 | Iyameyisa imbongi kwenza ucingo J. Dantes |
25 Januwari, 1837 | Pushkin wabhalela Baron Heeckeren - wokutholwa uyise Dantes |
Januwari 27, 1837 | Duel Deadly nge Dantes |
Februwari 6, 1837 | usuku wokungcwatshwa esifundazweni oNgcwele Dormition sezindela Pskov |
Life A. S. Pushkina kwaba dazzlingly egqamile futhi elihlale. Kodwa hhayi njengoba bejabule njengoba singathanda. Leli thebula iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo Pushkin equkethe kuphela ingxenye encane izenzakalo ukuthi kwadingeka akhuthazelele imbongi omkhulu.
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