Luhlolo zobuchwepheshe forensic kwemibhalo. Ukuhlolisisa forensic lobuchwepheshe kwemibhalo

luhlolo zobuchwepheshe forensic kwemibhalo isifundo ukuthi inikezwa ukuhlonza ubufakazi amaphepha kamazisi kanye nemishini ye umkhiqizo wabo. Lokhu into ibangelwa usebenzisa ulwazi olukhethekile lasetjentiswako physics, i-chemistry, i-engineering kanye imishini ngokwayo.

ucwaningo izindawo

Lapho esimisiwe lobuchwepheshe neluhlolo forensic kwemibhalo, amaphepha ezilandelayo ihlolwe:

1. Izinto zenziwa ngawo.
2. Tehsredstva ukuze uthole imininingwane.
3. Imibhalo.
4. Tehsredstva ngoba kuphela yabo.
5. Imikhiqizo ezisetshenziswa ukushintsha okuqukethwe.
6. Ezinye izinto bangahlola ngu inqubo.

imisebenzi

Ukuqhuba luhlolo forensic kuhloswe ukuxazulula imisebenzi elandelayo:

1. Ubunikazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke neyaziwayo umuntu ephrintiwe imikhiqizo umbhalo ihlolwe futhi izinto, wasungula lobuchwepheshe izindlela ezisetshenziswa okuhloliwe kwaphinde kwakhiqizwa izingxenye kwemibhalo.
2. Ukwahlukanisa. Ilitshe kuhlolelwe okuqondene eqenjini elithile.
3. Yokucwaninga. It uhlola njengoba futhi lapho iphepha senziwa ukuthi kuye kwaba nezinguquko kuyo, futhi umbhalo wokuqala kunqunywa.

Bekanye kokusungulwa izindlela ezintsha ukwakhiwa kanye nezindlela mbumbulu ezikhulayo. Kutfutfukisa futhi luhlolo lobuchwepheshe kanye forensic kwemibhalo.

Amafomu cwaningo

Amafomu - lihlotshiswe futhi evikelwe iphepha amashidi kushintshiwe imininingwane yokunyathelisa noma enye indlela.

Ukuze izibambiso kahulumeni, kukhona izidingo. Futhi inzuzo yebhizinisi wenza akhiphe nabo ngokufanele. Amafomu esidingekayo ukuze uqonde umthombo - inhlangano. Zenziwa yokunyathelisa, lapho oda ngalinye olunezinombolo futhi liphindwe kabili. Okungenalutho ne uhlanganiswa nokuzala ukwenza izinkampani ukuyiprinta kuphela anezithunywa ilayisensi efanele ukusebenza.

Elinegazi zihlukile, kuye ngokuthi ukwakheka obekhanda, amakhono kanye ukutholakala imishini. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhalo kungenziwa shi. Khona-ke kuka ebonakalayo, ngezikhawu engalingani phakathi imigqa nezinhlamvu. Uma ukunyathelisa izincwajana ezingu-okusezingeni eliphezulu, kukhona iphethini ephakanyiswe, ungqimba ukuqina, umbhalo ngokungafani nokunye. Planographic izithombe zokunyathelisa ephelezelwa usayizi ukuphambuka izinhlamvu ukusuka ifomu eyiqiniso, Ukwehluleka ukucacisa, ashabalala imigqa nokunye.
Lapho kwenziwe forensic luhlolo izinsalela, kanye nezinto zokubethwa test ukunikeza amasampula yasekuqaleni ekunyatheliseni ipuleti efanayo futhi yayala ku nemidwebo efanayo, ngaphansi inombolo efanayo. Basuke kuqhathaniswa kubonakale isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho.

Ngokuhambisana imikhiqizo umthetho ephrintiwe zamanje has izici ezilandelayo ukuphepha:

• inamba engafani eyaziswa;
• watermark;
• fibre ekhethekile;
• luminescence nge ultraviolet;
• ukuphrinta ekhethekile;
• igridi zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo ngemibala emibili;
• ukuvikela ngentambo;
• ukuvikelwa umbala amakhophi.

Khiqiza inkohliso, idokhumenti eyiqiniso okuyinto ikhiqizwa inkampani yokunyathelisa, lokhu akunakunisiza. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izindlela sekulingisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthola imiphumela ukuthi ukucabangela zifane nalezo ezazisetshenziselwa kwifomu, kodwa enziwe nobunye ubuchwepheshe.

Ucwaningo we izisayindo izitembu

uphawu umbono - isithombe ephepheni, eyenziwe clichés izicelo mechanical ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ligunyaziwe yini.

Ngokwesiko kunyatheliswa inkohliso kanje:

• umdwebo;
• ukukhiqizwa kabusha ukusika lesikhumba, iraba, linoleum noma pad;
• ngokushayela izinhlamvu ukuyiprinta;
• usebenzisa perekopirovki.

iphepha Inkohliso, yezicathulo abatelekile kanye nangezinye izindlela. Ngokuvamile, luhlolo lobuchwepheshe kanye forensic kwemibhalo wembula ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besimanje ukuthi isetshenziswa kanye womshini yasekuqaleni. Ukukhomba ukuhlinzekela kusuka mikhondo 10 kuya ku-20.

Manga ye isignesha wenziwa ngokusebenzisa unhlangothi noma isinyathelo. Kuye ukuqaliswa kungabonwa:

• Kuthintwa carbon paper;
• indawo engavamile emgqeni;
• umehluko umbala imivimbo;
• ayimigodi;
• amakhefu futhi kwehle ukubambisana;
• nazo breaking;
• smudges;
• amahlule nokuningi.

amanothi engeziwe, overprint futhi Ukusula

Ifaka a dopisok noma dopechatok Wengeza izinhlamvu, amagama, umbhalo, noma yimuphi izimpawu. Izici eziyinhloko kulokhu:

• Ukubhala ngesandla umehluko ngobukhulu, emthambekeni izincwadi, ukubekwa;
• ukubeka ukuthi amasimu asemhlophe, emaphethelweni imigqa;
• umehluko inki.

Lokuhlanza kwenziwa athutha - ukususa noma ukuhwaya. Izimpawu kulokhu yilezi:

• iphepha rumplessness, ezincane ukujiya, umonakalo igridi zokuzivikela, ukunyamalala isicwebezelisi;
• iminonjana yemigqa yombhalo wayedabuka.

Yomiselela amashidi nezithombe

forensics Independent uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa esikhundleni ishidi elilodwa noma eziningana izici ezilandelayo:

• osayizi ezahlukene amashidi;
• iminonjana ukudla;
• iphepha umthunzi.

Yomiselela izithombe actualize ngu gluing nge okwalandela isigxivizo dorisovki, ipulangwe nge ukulondolozwa, izitika emulsion yayo ungqimba okuyinto isusiwe kusukela ukuphrinta isithombe bangempela. Ingabe ukuthola yomgunyathi engekho isinyathelo, ukungafani ezingxenyeni isithombe bese ifomu, umehluko kwabantu noma khona nezinye izici.

Ukusungulwa kweziGungu wokuqukethwe

luhlolo zobuchwepheshe forensic wenkantolo uyakwazi alulame ewela phandle, ukubhukuda futhi ukurekhoda smeary. Esetshenziswa kule Assay ukuthola ikhulise umehluko izinto, ngawo imali ukuphazamiseka. Ngenxa yale njongo:

• Ucwaningo ukucinga indikimba yendaba, lapho umehluko ubonakala, isibonelo, i-X-ray imisinga ensimini noma imisebe etshekile;
• ukukopisha ngu ukukopisha ezimanzi noma ehlasela umzimba wonke,
• ngokuhlukana umbala;
• ngezinye izindlela.

Imibuzo ingase ihlanganise ngobuchwepheshe kanye sokudlala imibhalo ezishintshe umbala futhi egqwalile ukuthi wenziwa ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo nezindlela physicochemical lekutfutfukisa umehluko phakathi streaking kanye ebusweni luminescence ukuhlaziywa, infrared esifundeni Spectral nomunye.
Ngezinye izikhathi yokulungisa ashisiwe amadokhumenti, waqothula, ushiswe, futhi ngokuvamile ngobugebengu.

Ukusungulwa kweziGungu komkhawulo yokukhiqiza idokhumenti

Ongoti kungaba umbuzo okwenza isikhathi ukurekhoda. Kulesi msebenzi ukuhlukanisa remoteness ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo. Ngesikhathi iqoqo lokuqala, lapho idokhumenti Sihlelwe ngomumo, futhi okwesibili - ukulandelana okufakwe kuso.

Kulokhu, lo remoteness eliphelele ezimele luhlolo forensic kuthola izimpawu ekukhombeni ezingeguquleke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (okuqukethwe, ngesisekelo amadokhumenti, njll) kanye variable (yobudala ayinhlama esetshenziswa kusukela obungangenhloko kakhanjana amapeni inki jet ukuphrinta, nokunye. N.). Ngokuphathelene umkhawukho wesikhathi isihlobo, kuyaziwa: kutinchubo kuthathwe kuqala ufaka umbhalo bese asayinde, bese isitembu. Uma lokhu oda kuyaphazamiseka, ukuze kamuva sikhulume mayelana ukufakwa. Imibuzo enjalo futhi ukuzixazulula forensic luhlolo. Moscow njengoba inhlokodolobha iyona izikhungo ezifanele kunazo. Kodwa futhi kwamanye amadolobha aphethwe kuhlolisisa, uma kunesidingo.