Rocket namaSoviet "Amandla" ikilasi superheavy

"Amandla" - eSoviet super-esindayo kwethulwa imoto. Wayengumngane omunye ezintathu enamandla kakhulu missile ezake zakhiwa we ekilasini efanayo - "Saturn V», kanye ill-fated rocket H-1, kwadingeka ukuba esikhundleni. Enye missile kwaba injongo eyinhloko kokukhipha orbit kweSoviet mkhathi, okuyinto wammisa ngaphandle US, zikhumule ne izinjini zabo lusekelwa ngamandla amakhulu yangaphandle uphethiloli ithangi. Ngenkathi 1987-1988, i- "Amandla" uhambo kabili isikhala ke iqala ayisaxhunyanisiwe kwenziwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e-Soviet Union ukuthi kwakuyilungelo elingakanani ukuba eyinhloko ukulethwa wezimpahla ukuba emzileni ngekhulu xxi.

kwenyanga isizinda

Ngemva Valentin Glushko kwaholela TSKBEM (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo okb-1), esikhundleni ahlaza Vasily Mishin, wachitha izinyanga ezingu-20 abasebenza ekwakheni isisekelo ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, esekelwe ukuguqulwa "Proton" rocket design uVladimir Chelomeya okuyinto esetshenziswa hypergolic izinjini Glushko.

Nokho, Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1976, ubuholi Soviet banquma ukuyeka uhlelo kwenyanga ukugxila Soviet mkhathi kusukela Shuttle US kwakubhekwa njengendlela usongo amabutho ase-United States. Nakuba ekugcineni "Buran" kuyafana esincintisana, Glushko wenza ushintsho enye yezinto okuyinto uye wakuvumela ukuba silondoloze noHlelo enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

Shuttle Soviet

I-American Shuttle "okomkhathi" ezimbili okuqinile rocket booster imizuzu emibili ukuhlakaza umkhumbi bafinyelele endaweni engamamitha angu-46 km. Ngemva umkhumbi wabo ngokwahlukana esetshenziswa izinjini ise aft ingxenye. Ngamanye amazwi, umkhumbi-mkhathi wakhiwe, okungenani ngokwengxenye, unendlela yawo rocket isiqalisi, futhi elikhulu yangaphandle uphethiloli ithangi, lapho kwathiwa enamathiselwe, awuzange nangomcibisholo. Nguye kuphela okuhloswe athutha uwoyela ukuze izinjini eyinhloko mkhathi.

Glushko wanquma ukwakha "Buran" ngokuvamile ngaphandle injini. Kwakuyisikhathi glider, eklanyelwe ukubuyela Earth, okuyinto uboniswa ku izinjini orbit ukuthi ifana uphethiloli we-American mkhathi. Eqinisweni kwaba rocket "Amandla". Ngamanye amazwi, umklami induna eSoviet Union ukubeka uhlelo esikhaleni Shuttle booster amakilasi "Saturn V» module, okuyinto engase ukukhonza njengesisekelo base esithandayo enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga.

isizukulwane sesithathu

Kuyini rocket yenethiwekhi "Amandla"? Ukuthuthukiswa Its waqala lapho Glushko kwaholela CDBMB (eqinisweni igama "Amandla" lalisetshenziswa igama umnyango esanda kabusha NGO eside ngaphambi kweminsalo) futhi waletha design entsha rocket izindiza (RLA). Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 iSoviet Union kwadingeka rocket okungenani ezintathu - ". Proton" ukulungisa H-1 kuya ku-P-7, "isishingishane" futhi Bonke bangabangasokile ikhipha sihluke nomunye, ngakho izindleko zabo yesondlo babemi okusezingeni eliphezulu. It kudingeka ukwakha ukukhanya, aphakathi nendawo, izimoto kwethulwa esindayo futhi super-esindayo, ehlanganisa isethi eyodwa ezivamile izingxenye isizukulwane sesithathu mkhathi Soviet, futhi RLA Glushko ukuhanjwa lo msebenzi.

RLA Series udliwe "Zenith" okb Yangelya, kodwa lokhu bureau izimoto kwethulwa esindayo kwakukhala ibhungane, okwenza kube lula ukukhuthaza "Amandla". Glushko wathatha umklamo wawo RLA-135, eyayihlanganisa elikhulu main booster module accelerators detachable, futhi futhi wanikela ngalo kanye Modular "Zenith" inguqulo njengoba accelerators futhi missile ezinkulu entsha, athuthukiswe in ehhovisi lakhe. Isiphakamiso samukelwe - ngoba "Energia" rocket wazalwa.

Korolev tye

Kodwa Glushko kwadingeka ukuba elinye igalelo ukuba akhe ego. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, uhlelo Soviet isikhala wawuphazanyiswa ngesizathu ukuthi akazange avumelane Sergei Korolev, owayekholelwa ukuthi indawo enkulu rocket ketshezi-mpilo ne-hydrogen kukhona izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa engcono. Ngakho-ke, ngo-H-1 motors ezakhiwa umklami ingasaphathwa abanolwazi UNikolai Kuznetsov futhi VPGlushko igxile nitric acid kanye dimethylhydrazine.

Nakuba lokhu fuel nilidle izinzuzo ezifana ukuminyana futhi sokufaneleka yokugcina, kodwa amandla kancane olunzulu futhi enobuthi kakhulu, lokho kuyinkinga enkulu uma kwenzeka ingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuholi Soviet wayenesithakazelo ukuze uhambisane ne-United States - USSR kwadingeka izinjini omkhulu womoya-mpilo ketshezi ne-hydrogen, ngenkathi izigaba lesibili nelesithathu "Saturn V» asetshenziswa njengoba injini main "Isikhala Shuttle. " Ngokwengxenye ngokuzithandela, ngokwengxenye ngenxa lokhu kunengcindezi yezombusazwe, kodwa Glushko ke kwakufanele sithathelwe indawo yizinto okungqubuzanayo yayo kanye Queen, okwase kuphele iminyaka engu ayisishiyagalombili njengoba yayingasekho uyaphila.

iminyaka engu-10 yentuthuko

Kuyo yonke le minyaka eyishumi ezayo (lokhu eside, kodwa hhayi kakhulu: ukuthuthukisa "Saturn V» yathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa) NPO "Energia" uye wazakhela esiteji omkhulu main. I booster lateral babemi lula, ezincane kanye esetshenziswa izinjini ngoba i-oksijini liquid iziketekete ukudalwa lapho iSoviet Union babe nesipiliyoni okukhulu, ukuze wonke rocket wayeselulungele indiza yayo yokuqala ngo-Okthoba 1986.

Ngeshwa, kwakungekho Inkokhelo ngenxa yakhe. Nakuba ukwakhiwa "Amandla" futhi lapho khona ezinye izinkinga yokuma Shuttle "Buran" kwakukubi kakhulu - kwakungeyona ngisho eduze ekupheleni. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo igama "Amandla" elasetshenziselwa rocket yenethiwekhi kanye indiza emkhathini. Lapha futhi iqhinga Ukugunda Glushko. Rocket akazange kudingeke silinde enye ingxenye uzolunga. Ngonyaka lokugcina indalo yayo, kwanqunywa ukuba enze run ngaphandle "Buran".

"Polyus" izingalo uhlanga

entsha Inkokhelo "Polyus" yadalwa phakathi ekwindla 1985 kanye autumn 1986. Kwakungesinye ukusebenza wezimpahla block uVladimir Chelomeya redeveloped kusuka module isikhala esiteshini futhi Ihlobene ngokuseduze module we-ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" besihloselwe anhlobonhlobo ucwaningo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukuhlola 1-MW carbon dioxide laser - izikhali, athuthukiswe in the Soviet Union kusukela 1983. Empeleni, konke sasingeyona ezithusayo njengoba kuzwakala, kusukela e-USSR wagxeka i-United States i-Strategic Defence Initiative, futhi uMikhail Gorbachev akafunanga engozini lokho baseMelika bakwazi ukufunda le ngxabano lempi. Summit e Reykjavik yaphela ngo-October 1986, futhi izwe besondela nokwehla olukhulu kwezikhali zenuzi, futhi ngo-December 1987 base belungela ukuphothula isivumelwano ku zokunciphisa naphakathi-range ezicitshwayo. Abahlukahlukene izingxenye laser ngamabomu ayisetshenziswa, kwaba kuphela akwazi ukulandelela amatshe, ngisho Gorbachev isipiliyoni uvinjelwe ngokuvakashela Baikonur izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqala. Nokho, ukuvakasha Gorbachev kwaholela ukuvela igama ezicitshwayo esisemthethweni (njengoba kuqhathaniswa Shuttle okuhloswe): amagama "Amandla" ivela emalini emzimbeni wakhe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokufika uNobhala Jikelele.

iphutha isofthiwe

Ukwethulwa lokuqala rocket yenethiwekhi "Amandla" owawuse-May 15, 1987 Ukuze imizuzwana embalwa yokuqala indiza, ngaphambi umkhumbi wasuka pad qalisa, kuba kubonakale bent, kodwa wabe esefuna kushintshwe isikhundla sakhe ngemuva kokwethulwa kohlelo missile ukulawula isimo sengqondo. Ngemva kwalokho, "Amandla" landizela kahle, ephelezelwa Siyafulesha olulodwa, futhi ngokushesha wanyamalala phakathi kwamafu ongaphakeme. Okunika ahlukaniswe kahle (nakuba salokhu kanye indiza elilandelayo babengakholwa ifakwe parachute, esizokwenza zabo kabusha ukusetshenziswa), bese esigabeni main ushiye indawo ye ukubonakala. Ngemva evutha rocket uhlukane "isigxobo" futhi, njengoba kwakuhleliwe, yawa ePacific Ocean.

"Polyus" esingamathani angaba ngu-80, futhi ukufinyelela orbit, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukuqalisa yayo rocket injini. Ngenxa yalesi kwakudingekile ukuba enze ithuba lika 180 degrees, kodwa ngenxa yephutha hlelo ngemuva kokuqala module uzoqhubeka ukusebenzisa, futhi esikhundleni ukuthuthela orbit ephakeme, yawa ngezansi. Cargo module washayisa elwandle eliKhulu iPacific.

Impumelelo?

Nakuba ekuqaleni-up kanye kuhlulekile, missile ngokwayo yaphumelela Imininingwane. Umsebenzi "Buran" baqhubeka futhi ngokuyinhloko uqedele Shuttle (ukulungele ukundiza, kodwa ukwazi ukwenza amandla ngokwanele usuku olulodwa emzileni) iye exhunywe kwi-rocket yesibili ukuqalisa umsebenzi unmanned Novemba 15, 1988. Futhi rocket "Amandla" kwaphinde egijima kahle (nge ushintsho isofthiwe ukuthi kuzovikela emthambekeni esiyingozi ekuqaleni), futhi kulesi sikhathi Inkokhelo yayo futhi akazange ukudanisa, "Buran" lawela ngokuzenzakalela ku Baikonur, ethwele ematfuba ezimbili emhlabeni Umhlaba amahora amathathu imizuzu amabili nanhlanu kamuva.

Ngakho, njengoba kuqale unyaka ka-1989 iSoviet Union kwadingeka rocket enamandla kakhulu, kusese akunakuqhathaniswa. Kungaba ukusebenzisa Shuttle Inkokhelo efanayo umthwalo iziphuphutheki American, futhi ngokwalo kungaholela ongaphakeme emhlabeni orbit amathani 88 wezimpahla, noma ukuletha amathani 32 enyangeni (uma kuqhathaniswa 118 m no-45 m ukusuka "Saturn V» futhi 92, 7 m futhi 23.5 m kusuka H-1). Kwakuhlelwe ukuba eminye ukwandisa lokhu Inkomba ezingamathani angaba ngu-100, futhi umsebenzi lwenziwe ukusungula ekhethekile wezimpahla gumbi ingashintshwa esikhundleni le "pole". Inguqulo encane missile, ngokuthi "Energy-M ', nomunye injini kanye booster ezimbili nazo ngaphakathi esigabeni sokugcina ukuthuthukiswa, futhi wakwazi okuzuza isisindo Inkokhelo izimpahla ezingamathani angu-34.

ezibizayo

Ukuwa kweSoviet Union isibe imbangela enkulu ukwehluleka phrojekthi. Vele lapho wayeqala ukuba sizinze yakhe, kodwa isidingo bavikele izithakazelo nokuvikeleka ayizikhondlakhondla sinyamalale njengoba imali edingekayo emikhulu ohambweni ngokwesayensi. Enye inkinga ukuthi ukuthi booster "Zenith" ekhiqizwa yizinkampani ise-Ukraine ezimele.

Nokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba rocket "Amandla" usuthandwa ngokwanele - uma kungekho isidingo fly to the Moon, emqansweni ukuzungeza amathani 100 wezimpahla besingenasidingo. Thina shuttles okuyiwona yasungulwa kwasekuqaleni babe bokwenza efanayo US mkhathi, kodwa rocket azange abe izinzuzo a isikhundla esinakho, njengoba lalinjalo US ngaphambi ukuqhuma "Challenger" ngo-1986.

ukukhala yithemba

Yithemba NGOs "Amandla" kwasuka ohambweni lwakhe ehlongozwayo:

• Orbit Ukufakwa lasers omkhulu ukuze ubuyisele ungqimba lwe-ozone amashumi eminyaka.
• Ngokwakha base inyanga ukwenziwa helium-3 elisetshenziswa Fusion sikhungo, lakhiwa i Consortium international, okuyinto uzolunga ngo 2050.
• Ukwethulwa kwe wachitha fuel yenuzi ku "izindunduma" kwi-orbit heliocentric.

Ekugcineni-ke wehlela umbuzo sasiyingxenye missile anekhono, okuyinto ayikwazanga ukwenza ezincane, mkhathi eshibhile - ngamunye uqala "Amandla" abiza 240 million $, ngisho nomuntu izinga overvalued of the ruble liqhathaniswa ne-dollar ngasekupheleni '80s. Uma ukuqalisa benziwa kuphela uma kunesidingo, okuqukethwe zalesi sihlahla ukuze ukukhiqizwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo kungaba okunethezeka ukuthi akekho eSoviet Union noma Russia ababengenamandla okukuthola.

ukunqoba Pyrrhic

Uma sivumelana imfundiso yokuthi eSoviet Union waphula kwasekuqaleni ngebanga lemiraro imali ngokungathembeki, kungase futhi kube nengqondo ukuthi ukunikwa ukuthi "Energy-Buran" Lesi esinye sezenzakalo kwezimbangela eziyinhloko zale wokugoqa. Le phrojekthi, iyisibonelo imali engalawuliwe owabhubhisa eSoviet Union, futhi isimo saba khona baqhubeka ukuthi nideda ekwenziweni kwamaphrojekthi ezinjalo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungase kahle wagomela ukuthi enkulu yomonakalo ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu ukuphendula uMikhail Gorbachev ku isimo sezimali yezwe, futhi-Soviet Union ukubambelela namuhla, nakuba Politburo ngemva Konstantin Chernenko eliholwa omunye.

nemibono kungenzeka

Ukushiya eceleni imibono kumnandi okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, "Amandla" lingasetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe yokuqalisa ku-orbit eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ezinkulu isikhala esiteshini amamojuli, okwakuyoholela awuqede isakhiwo amamojuli okukhipha ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela "Energia-Buran": ekupheleni kuka-1991, uphethiloli " Mir-2 "lalungiswa ukusebenzisa-30 ton amamojuli.

Futhi kungenzeka ukwakhiwa has a hook ezincane ezazingathandi elise singatsheki, ngenkathi phambi ingxenye rocket.

Glushko izinga ukuthi uhlelo Soviet isikhala, njengoba sekuke kwenteka ngaphambi, kuzodlula soshintsho, wayeqinisile. Nakuba ekuthuthukiseni mkhathi futhi kwethulwa izimoto ohambweni ethize kahle, umlando ubonisa ukuthi ngemva kokwakhiwa kwayo kuphakama nezindlela ezintsha ukusebenzisa lezi zinto ngaso. Glushko wafa Januwari 10, 1989, ngemva esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili "amandla" lesibili kanye indiza odlule.

"Zenith" inkazimulo

Kuze kube namuhla, "Amandla" ayinalo abazolandela esikhundleni. "Zenith", asetshenziswa njengoba namafutha layo - booster eshibhe kunazo zonke emhlabeni (2500-3600 $ per kilogram). Ngo-2010, i-NGO "Amandla" wathenga isabelo Consortium "Sea Launch" futhi manje obhekene ukuqalisa kusukela olwandle ezisekelweni, kanye Baikonur Cosmodrome e Kazakhstan.

RD-170, eyenzelwe "Zenith" futhi "Amandla" wayengomunye futhi engcono rocket izinjini. ukulungiswa wakhe kungaba ngizibonge South Korean "Naro-1", Russian yenethiwekhi rocket "Angara" kanye American "Atlas V", okungasekelwe kuphela isetshenziselwe izinjongo isayensi, njengalokho kokukhulula lihamba "Kyuriositi" futhi kwethulwa probe "Horizons okusha" Pluto kodwa futhi-United States. Lokho umehluko phakathi 1988 futhi namuhla.