Kumiswa, Indaba
Sultan yoMbuso WaseTurkey kanye 99th Halif Abdul-Hamid II: Biography, umndeni
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX yoMbuso WaseTurkey sisesimweni esibucayi. Izvedonnaya izimpi emuva kuzo zonke izici, lelive lidzinga kulungiswe. Tanzimat guqula okuyinto Kwakuseshwa kusukela 1839, u-Abdul Medzhid mina, ziye zathinta ngendlela efanele. Kodwa kule '70, phakathi nokubusa Sultan Abdul Aziz, baye ababhubhayo. Isimo cishe ungeke uzithole usuwile. Izintela abacindezelwe amaKristu nokuvukela. kokungenela okule kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Khona-ke okusha Ottoman, eliholwa Midhat Pasha, ngubani ngiphuphe ikusasa elingcono lazo kuleli zwe, wachitha amasu okugumbuqela imibuso eziningana esigodlweni, ngenxa esahlanganisa amandla, u-Abdul-Hamid II.
Ubunikazi Abdul Hamid II
Abdul Hamid II wazalwa ngo-September 22, 1842. Abazali bakhe Sultan Abdul Majid mina nomkakhe wesine Tirimüjgan Sultan, okwase ngokusho version, Armenia, ngakolunye - umsuka Circassian.
Umbusi esizayo wathola imfundo yekhethelo. It is ikakhulukazi eyaziwa kahle ezindabeni zezempi. Abdul-Hamid wayezikhuluma kahle izilimi eziningana, bekulokhu ngokwengxenye izinkondlo nomculo. Wayethanda ikakhulukazi opera ukuthi ngilinqobile Umbusi esizayo ekuhambeni kwakhe e-Europe. Ukuze uMbuso WaseTurkey art enjalo wawuyinto engaziwa futhi alien, kodwa u-Abdul-Hamid umsebenzele kanzima ukuthuthukiswa yayo ekhaya. Waze wabhalela i opera wakufaka Istanbul. Lapho-Agasti 31, 1876, u-Abdul-Hamid ethathe ubukhosi, akekho owayeke wacabanga ukuthi wayeyoba umdali hhayi kuphela wobuciko kodwa umbuso olunegazi, okuyinto iyothathwa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu.
Ukungena ku kwesihlalo sobukhosi 'Sultan Bloody "
Ngaleyo minyaka, abaseTurkey entsha yonke imizamo yokuletha izinguquko kanye nomthethosisekelo. Conservative Abdul-Aziz wagudluzwa nge iqhaza zabo-May 30, 1876, futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa abulawe. Esikhundleni sakhe, ukunyakaza ngokomthethosisekelo ukubeka Murat V, umfowabo u-Abdul-Hamid. Waziwa ngokubhala ubumnene wayengumuntu onjani, enozwela futhi imfundo kabusha. Kodwa feuds olunegazi, okungazelelwe ayitholile amandla notshwala kubangele ukuwohloka okukhulu e Sultan entsha, impilo etotoswayo ezimweni abamba ukushisa. Murat V ayikwazanga uphathe umbuso, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngeke akwazi ukukhipha izwe umthethosisekelo.
Isimo e-State nangaphandle ngemandla. ESerbia naseMontenegro iqale impi ngo-uMbuso, uzama ukuvikela amaKristu neHerzegovina, le livukela ijoka Turkish. Murat V kwathiwa uyahlanya namandla kwaba Abdul Hamid II, athembisa Ottoman entsha ukugcwalisa zonke izidingo zabo.
Ukumenyezelwa umthethosisekelo lokuqala Turkish
Enhliziyweni yakhe, u lo Umbusi wamaSulumane kwakungelona umsekeli imibono ovulekile. Kodwa baveze isikhundla kwawo kwamlethela esihlalweni sobukhosi nezazi-Turkish kwakuyingozi. Entsha WaseTurkey sultan waqala uyephuza isimemezelo soMthethosisekelo, ebhekisela ukungapheleli yayo. UMthetho Basic njalo reworked futhi yalungisa leminye. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iRussia ifuna esiphethweni sokuthula iSerbia neMontenegro kanye ngokubambisana neNhlangano kwemibuso yaseYurophu basungula Bulgaria sika ukuzimela iphrojekthi, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Esikhathini isimo esishubile zamanje, Midhat Pasha wayeselulungele noma ikuphi ukuzidela ngenxa ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba umthethosisekelo. Abdul-Hamid iye yamisa ikhanda entsha yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Grand Vizier futhi wavumelana ukushicilela ngaphansi isimo ngokunezela into eyodwa ukuze lento. 113, owawuthi, kombusi kungase saxosha nakuphi okubi ebusweni bakhe. UMthethosisekelo wayezonikela inkululeko nokuvikeleka wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikuyiphi inkolo, ezamenyezelwa Disemba 23, 1876 engqungqutheleni Istanbul. Esinqumweni sayo, u-Abdul-Hamid ikhubazeke okwesikhashana imizamo European ukuze akhulule amaKristu futhi yagcinwa amandla cishe angenamkhawulo.
Ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi Ottoman entsha
Ngokushesha ngemva isimemezelo uMthethosisekelo Umbusi waqala basebenzise kabi Treasury nakwa ukwethula nokubacindezela amaphephandaba wedolobha. Lezi zenzo sezishiye udlame ne Midhat Pasha, abaluveza obala ukunganeliseki imisebenzi Sultan. Abdul-Hamid indiva imibhikisho kuze vizier grand akazange ambhalele ngisho nencwadi ngokugqamile. Kuyo Midhat Pasha wagomela ukuthi Umbusi ngokwakhe ebambezela ukuthuthukiswa isimo. Ottoman Sultan, wahlambalaza khukhumala ezinjalo, ngaphambilini ukuboshwa lwekhanda lalowo okhethwe constitutionalists ahambise umkhumbi "Izzedin" ozunywe kwadingeka ukuba Midhat Pasha e imbobo angaphandle abalithandayo. I Umbusi wamaSulumane waba sibonga khona kanye Ngaphezu Art. 113 soMthethosisekelo ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.
eziningi yokucindezelwa ngokumelene Liberals, kodwa abazange okubangelwa ukucasula umphakathi kwenziwa ezinyangeni ezizayo. Abadali yomthethosisekelo lokuqala weyengenandaba ukwesekwa ekilasini, ngakho nakangaka zabo ezinhle abangu ngokukhululekile kusulwe owazidukisayo Abdul-Hamid II.
I ekuqaleni kwenkathi ka "zulyuma"
I Umbusi wamaSulumane izinhlelo akukho kuhanjiswa umthethosisekelo ifakiwe, futhi kuhambisana kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Protocol, lwentiwe kubo ngokushesha ngemva lenkomfa Istanbul, wafuna izinto ngenkani aqede ubudlova ayebekwe amaKristu abangene esitelekeni, Abdul Hamid II umane indiva. Futhi eRussia iqale impi ngo-uMbuso, eyabonisa zonke Putrid futhi backwardness umbuso sultanatskogo ngo-Ephreli 1877. Ngo-March 1878, wayengumhlali ukunqotshwa okuphelele koMbuso WaseTurkey. Okwamanje, imiphumela impi yafingqwa ngesikhathi Berlin Congress, ngobuqili Abdul-Hamid ziyoncibilika ephalamende unomphela, ngaleyo ndlela wayencisha amabutho eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo.
Impi waletha umbuso omkhulu ukulahlekelwa indawo. Kusukela ngaphansi kwamandla akhe waphuma Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, nezinye izifundazwe. Umbuso wanithwesa lokumiswa omkhulu, futhi Abdul Hamid II ekupheleni ingqungquthela kwaba ekwenzeni izinguquko ezindaweni ugcwale Armenia. Kunengqondo ukuthi impilo yobuKristu ukuba ngcono, kodwa Sultan yoMbuso WaseTurkey akukayifezi zithembiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokunqotshwa okuhlazisayo empini umbono ovulekile wagcina ochotshoziwe ezweni kwavela izikhathi ezimnyama, ngokuthi "zulyum".
I nokwehla kwezomnotho yezwe
Abdul-Hamid uyabanjwa ngokuphelele amandla. Wazama alondoloze isithunzi sendawo isimo nge imfundiso ka Islamism. 99th Umbusi wamaSulumane wathuthukisa izithakazelo Arab, Circassian futhi Kurdish izinduna, aphakeme abaholi benkolo Muslim kanye ubushiqela ezinkulu. Empeleni leliya lizwe. Imbobo engakhonondi baba ithoyizi ezandleni zabo. Treasury agcwaliswa ngezithukuthuku ukubolekisa angaphandle. Izikweletu sakhula futhi abezinye izizwe anikezwe imvume. Amandla futhi yazibiza ungeke uzithole usuwile. Abakweletisi Empire kwamiswa "UMnyango yoMbuso wase-Ottoman debt umphakathi." Leli zwe wawa ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula zezimali zomhlaba kanye ubuswa dolobha angaphandle ke, lapho nje inkunzi abampofu kakade. Tax ukucindezelwa kuleli zwe liye landa kakhulu. amandla Elikhulu lawa laphinde labhidlika, abe-semi ikoloni angaphandle.
Ukusangana nobushiqela
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kombusi wesaba kakhulu isiphetho Abdul-Aziz futhi Murat V Ukwesaba sebethule kungenzeka kombuso esigodlweni wangena Paranoia, owawungumnyaka kuncike ngokuphelele konke. Yildiz Palace, okuyinto kuxazululwe Umbusi wamaSulumane, wagcwala onogada.
Lapho kade ngisebenza ngokungaphezi kubo Bureau, ukulawula imisebenzi yonke iminyango kahulumeni, kanye isiphetho ephakeme Empire Sanov. Noma yimuphi Iwakho oholele ukungajabuli Abdul Hamid lalingabiza umuntu hhayi kuphela ekulahlekelweni isikhundla, kodwa futhi ekuphileni. Nezazi isibe isitha eyinhloko Sultan, ngakho ngenkuthalo wakhuthaza ukungazi. Akukho sikhonzi, ephethwe Ports umnyango, kwadingeka imfundo ngaphezulu. Ngenxa-ke zingase zidlulisele ngoba kungathembeki, ngakho engabazisayo Sultan. tiphatsimandla tetifundza kanye akusho ayikwazanga ukuziqhayisa okusezingeni eliphezulu ezingeni kwamasiko. Emibuthanweni yabo wabusa nangobudlova nenkohlakalo. Abdul Hamid yena ayethanda hhayi ukushiya esigodlweni. Ukukhethwa kwaba selyamlik kuphela. Wahlela hlola inethiwekhi omkhulu futhi wadala amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, egcwele ezidumile emhlabeni wonke. On kwahamba tibalo fabulous kusukela esikhwameni yomphakathi.
Spy inethiwekhi futhi amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi
Hhayi umuntu ongashadile ezweni akazange bazizwe bephephile. Abantu babesaba ngisho amadoda abaseduze - abafazi, obaba - izingane. okulahla futhi ekubalandeleni, ukuboshwa kanye nokuhanjiswa kwakuvamile. Ngokuvamile umuntu nje wabulala ngaphandle kwecala. Abaholi uphenyo abantu bazi lapho sibhekene ngaleso sikhathi ezizokwenzeka ngaso isiphephelo wafuna. Surveillance lwenziwe futhi bangena ezinhlwini eliphakeme. Sultan bazi ngazo ngokuphelele konke, kuhlanganise yokudla. Ngisho eseduze kakhulu kuya Umbusi wamaSulumane umuntu ngeke aphile ngokuthula. Ngaphakathi camarilla enkantolo ulenga emkhathini okucindezelayo ukwesaba nezinsolo kubantu. Izinhloli babe kuwo wonke amagumbi zwe. Yena bathutha cishe zonke abasekeli wezinguquko.
ukucwaninga oluphelele
Ukuphrinta uye phansi ukucwaninga ezinzima. Isibalo izincwadi yehlile kakhulu. Amagama anjengokuthi "inkululeko", "kobushiqela", "ukulingana" zazibhekwa njengendawo alibheke. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kungenzeka ungabe usakwazi ukuphila kwakhe.
izincwadi Banned babe uVoltaire, Byron, Tolstoy, ngisho uShakespeare, ikakhulukazi le nhlekelele "Hamlet", ngoba kwaba lokubulala inkosi. abalobi Turkish ngisho wazama emisebenzini yakhe ukubhekana nezindaba kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.
Amanyuvesi elibukhali ngokucophelela. Noma yimuphi khulula-Wayeqhumbuza e ihlumela. Umlando Islam kanye lwamakhosi WaseTurkey esikhundleni izinkulumo yamasiko umlando wezwe.
I sokubulala abantu abaningi bakwa-Armenia
Sultan yoMbuso WaseTurkey ukuhlwanyela ngamabomu yokungezwani phakathi kwamaSulumane labantu yobuKristu. Le nqubomgomo wayelinganisela kulokho. Inzondo kwenza abantu ababuthakathaka futhi ephazamiseka kusukela ezindabeni main. Akekho isimo ayikwazanga ukunikeza wenqaba kufaneleka ukuba Umbusi wamaSulumane. Wavusa inzondo phakathi kwezizwe, ngokusebenzisa ama-apharathasi ka becala kanye namaphoyisa. Khona-ke mabutho "Hamidiya Bazaar 'wadalwa ngosizo Kurds. Sultan thugs ethuke sabantu. Ikakhulukazi kusukela besatshwe wahlupheka Armenia. Kusukela 1894 kuya 1896 kwabulawa abantu kungathi izinkulungwane 300. Man.
Armenia ngesikhathi esifanayo ekhokha intela kwabase-Kurds kanye izintela ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ungasebenzi, ukhathele nokucindezela iziphathimandla, abantu baye bazama lokubhikisha. Impendulo laphangwa emizaneni, inezidumbu. Armenia wokushiswa uyaphila, efile futhi wabulala wonke umzana. Ngokwesibonelo, Erzurum massacre wathatha ingxenye namabutho, kanye labantu elula Turkish. Futhi incwadi komunye leli sosha WaseTurkey, aqondiswa ku-umndeni, wathi ukuba ngingehlelwa nangeyodwa kulezi-Turks alilimalanga, futhi akukho-Armenia, akusali.
Umsuka wegama ukuphikiswa
In the phakathi ukwesaba kwandile, incithakalo ubumpofu wema ibutho Turkish. It izinguquko ezinqala sultan zenziwe. Kwakumelwe ephezulu lezempi kanye wathola imfundo yekhethelo. Ngokuyisisekelo, amasosha Turkish uye waba yisizwe ukukhanyiselwa kakhulu embusweni. Kuncono ezicini zonke, abakwazanga bheka ngomoya ophansi ngasiphi kwenza izwe zabo despotic Abdul Hamid imodi 2nd. Phambi kwamehlo abo safike yoca ezibhuqiwe umbuso, okuyinto wabusa nangobudlova nokweba, iziyaluyalu nokuphangwa kwempahla; empeleni obusa Europe, ukuze asuse okuhamba phambili kwe-nasesifundazweni salo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuningi kangakanani ayiminyanisa Sultan umcabango ovulekile ezingqondweni nezazi omusha, namanje azalelwa abuye atfutfukiswe njalo. Futhi ngo-1889 kwakukhona iqembu Imfihlo Young Turks, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala ukumelana olunegazi kuya despotism ka Abdul-Hamid. Ngo 1892, lolu limi ePort. baboshwa Abafundi, kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa Sultan yabakhulula ngisho bavunyelwe ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. Abdul-Hamid akafunanga ashisise umoya ezikoleni bese elingisa izenzo zabo escapade bobusha. Ikhona inhlangano wamavukelambuso kwaqhubeka kusabalala.
Young Turk revolution
Sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi, uquqaba lwezingelosi izinhlangano Young Turk. Emadolobheni lamakhulu, ingabe amapheshana, izimemo, amaphephandaba, okuyinto ngokuvamile wasola Sultan umbuso futhi wathuthukisa kokugumbuqelwa yakhe. Anti-uhulumeni inhliziyo zafinyelela umvuthwandaba lapho ngo-1905 kwaba khona revolution eRussia, basabela ngokushesha ezinhliziyweni nezihlakaniphi Turkish.
Umbusi wamaSulumane u lost ukuphumula futhi salala ngokwesaba ukuthi amahemuhemu ngaye, ikakhulukazi mutiny amatilosi Russian phezu yempi "Potemkin", benamandla e Istanbul. Waze ngaphambilini uphenyo kwi-Turkish imikhumbi yezempi ukuze kutholakale umoya wokuvukela umbuso. Sultan Abdul Hamid II wazizwa ukuthi ukubusa kwakhe usezofika ekupheleni. Futhi ngo-1905, kwaba ngomzamo izohluleka.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-Congress of the izinhlangano Young Turk, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba ekuketulweni Sultan kanye imizamo ngokuhlanganyela ukubuyisela umthethosisekelo. On ohlangothini Young Turks saseMakedoniya siwela labantu ngokwayo ibutho mbusi. Nokho, Umbusi wagudluzwa. Waqhubeka ezivuna, kanye nomthethosisekelo kwaba kabusha isimemezelo July 10, 1908.
Lokuphela kwenkathi ebikhona "zulyuma"
Sultan yoMbuso WaseTurkey wagcwalisa zonke izimfuneko we Young Turks, kodwa yahlanganisa icebo ngokumelene ngasese umthethosisekelo. Umlando liphindwe, kuphela ekugcineni wayehlukile. Kanye nendodana yakhe Burhaneddin babuthela phakathi wedolobha regiments labo abanamathela, ukufafaza igolide sokunene nesobunxele. Apreli ebusuku ngo-1909 baba ivukela. Young Turks amasosha kusukela ibutho efanayo ababoshwa futhi babulawa eziningi. Army bamasha isakhiwo ephalamende futhi waphoqelela izikhonzi ukushintsha. kamuva u-Abdul-Hamid wazama ukuveza ukuthi kwaba akukuningi yini okuhilelekile kuyi-ngokuvukela, kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Young Turk "Army isenzo" Istanbul esibanjiwe matasa esigodlweni Sultan. Njengoba lizungezwe izwe Ukuthuka amanxusa akhe nomndeni, nginqume emhlabeni, waphoqwa ukuba lidele. April 27, 1909 kombusi liketulwa futhi badingiselwa Salonika. Ngakho-ke aqede kobugqila umbuso, ngubani zakhipha wadala u-Abdul-Hamid. Unkosikazi wahamba naye. Kodwa akubona bonke kodwa kuphela othembeke kunabo.
Umkhaya Umbusi 99th
Umkhaya Life Abdul-Hamid babevamile yoMbuso wase-Ottoman Sultan. Umbusi wamaSulumane u-washada izikhathi 13. Kuzo zonke abantu bakhe abakhethiweyo wayethethelela ikakhulukazi enamathiselwe ezimbili: Myushfike futhi Salih. Kuyaziwa ukuthi bashiyé sultan wagudluzwa sisenkathazweni futhi kwakhuphuka kanye naye ekudingisweni. Akuwona wonke amakhosikazi WaseTurkey Sultan ngakho savela kahle ubuhlobo. Nge Safinaz Nurefzun yena ohlukanisile kodwa phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, futhi ezinye Thessaloniki yakhe ahlukaniswe. Ifa Umbusi wamaSulumane elinde isiphetho unenviable, ngemva wadingiswa amaFulentshi Abdul-Hamid. Izingane Sultan axoshwa 1924 ezivela eTurkey. Naye owayekade Umbusi wamaSulumane wabuyela Istanbul ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ekudingisweni + wafela khona ngo-1918.
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