Ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990, futhi imiphumela yayo kwezepolitiki

Ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990 kwaphawula isinqumo umbuzo German. Lalivulwe kusukela ngesikhathi iMpi Yezwe II, lapho amazwe enqobile ungazange afinyelele kusivumelwano yokubukwa ngekusasa umsebenzi wabo ezizobekwa kuyo wangaphambili umqali zwe. Isizathu salokhu ezingokoqobo ukungadli isikhathi, isimo saba ngxabano kweSoviet Union kanye West. Umbuzo-German uye eyaqanjwa njalo Ukuvutha zibhekene ngeziqu zamehlo.

Ngokusobala, ubunye eJalimane eziningi zezombusazwe ngeke abongameli eU.SSR US, uMikhail Gorbachev futhi uGeorge HW Bush. Ngaphandle intando amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali, umbuzo isimiso bemvelo zezombusazwe alikwazanga ukuxazululwa. Nokho, izinhloko ngobukhulu amazwe-guarantors kuphela kubhekwe kukho ukuhlanganiswa okuhlongozwayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuyilungelo elikhethekile - ukuba ukhishwa isihloko ufanekisela umklami obumbene eJalimane, okwethula womnotho omusha amakhulu eYurophu, lingelikaJehova sezombangazwe German Helmut Kohl. Sitshele kafushane ngakho.

Shansela: "ubunye German"

Lona umuntu eliyingqayizivele. Wasinda nangenkathi ezine: II neMpi Yezwe, ukuvuselelwa emnothweni isiJalimane, ukuthuthukiswa yayo ashukumisayo, futhi ekugcineni, ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka XX edlale indima enkulu kwezombangazwe ku kokuhlanganiswa Germany (1990). Shansela ezingeni lemfundo etholwe le nhlekelele wazizwa wanqoba futhi ihlukaniswe ezweni, labo abakholwa egameni ebudlelwaneni bayo esizayo. Nokho, ngisho lokuthi inqubo yokudidiyela kuzoqalwa ngakho ngamandla. Okungenani, ngokuvumelana amazwi akhe ekuqaleni, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi lesi senzakalo ngeke kwenzeke esikhathini sakhe.

Kohl njengoba inqubomgomo pro-German kwaba creative futhi iziphethe kahle. ephikisana uMargaret Thatcher, owazama le nqubo ngangokunokwenzeka, ingabe kuye udumo.

AmaJalimane, ukhunjulwa ngokuthi "likaShansela ubunye German." Lokho likahulumeni isibe endlunkulu likasoseshini bese ngokushesha Kohl waba likaShansela wokuqala eJalimane onobunye. Le ndatshana ihlose ukugqamisa ubunye Germany njengoba inqubo, benaka Dynamics yayo kanye izinyathelo eziyisisekelo.

amandla GDR: ucabanga zezombusazwe

umphakathi wengcindezelo, eholwa nokungasebenzi komnotho e imodi ibhukwana sase-GDR isampula 90-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule baye isihloko a baxgeki eziningi historiography. Of izinkinga zomnotho avame ekhonjiwe emalini kahulumeni kusilela sase-GDR, kanye nokukhula izikweletu angaphandle. Nokho, ngezinga elithile elikhulu nakakhulu ukuba khona GDR njengoba isimo wawubhekwa njengendawo le nesisekelo esiqinile sezindinganiso uhlelo zaso zezombangazwe. Umholi Communist Party Erich Honecker German futhi manje Okuxakayo ebizwa ngokuthi "Iron Erich."

Washumayela ubunye umyalo, kwaba kuyo izinto ezintsha. Imigomo wobukhomanisi, ke kudlulwe okulindelwe amaJalimane. Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokuqala ukwanda ukunyakaza GDR abantu kwaba ukususwa kwakhe kusukela namandla, 17.10.1989

Nokho, umbono sase-GDR inhliziyo yomphakathi, ngisho ezinengqondo sinjalo izinyathelo ezihlongozwayo esikhundleni sakhe Egon Krenz, wayesevele ayizwakali.

Okudingekayo ukuze ubunye

Eminyaka yokuphila we-German Democratic Republic ababalwayo. Kuyacaca ukuthi ubunye eJalimane akakwazanga ukuthatha indawo kumigomo esiphelelwe isimo isakhiwo sase-GDR. Lokhu kwabonakala:

• ukuguqulwa okusalele emuva isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona kusukela nezidingo emakethe, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-imodeli Soviet (Gorbachev, yokwakha kabusha), isiPolish (multi-party);
• kumiswa langempela le engaziwa ukuphikiswa 12.09.2009 - ukunyakaza "Democracy Namuhla";
• indiva izimfuno main eliphikisayo - inkhulumomphendvulwano kazwelonke;
• kokuzama isixazululo lempi lenkinga yababaleki, usebenzisa ama-visa izivakashi eJalimane ngokusebenzisa eHungary Austria (izakhamuzi GDR ukuvusela Embassy German ngoba ukukhoseliswa ezombusazwe futhi wathola enjalo);
• indiva intando abantu ngokusebenzisa anolaka ukhetho zokuboshelwa kamasipala labetibambile ngo-May 1989

Greater eJalimane Lilonke entsha

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, e zemihla ngemihla izimfanelo ehlanganiswa ingcono kakhulu izimbangela. Ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990 sasibanjelwe entandweni yabantu isiJalimane, abaqhubeka ukuzizwa wobunye iFederal Republic of Germany kanye German Democratic Republic. Thina, yebo, ukuthi uthathe hhayi ku-akhawunti izitatimende ezithile zezombangazwe olukhulu (ke, zingabantu Inqubomgomo). Singabantu akanandaba izibalo, ugxila umehluko phakathi komnotho East neNtshonalanga Jalimane, futhi kulapho "ucwaningo" izintatheli ngale ndaba. Ukucacisa ngalolu daba, esethula isiphelo sesimiso sihloko.

Into esemqoka - omunye: Inyunyana ifuna cishe yonke amaJalimane. Izibambe, lokhu ukunakekelwa inqubo emazweni elinqobile. Phela, bonke abantu bazi: entsha izwe-umholi kuyoba eYurophu. Ngenhlanhla, ukwesaba wazibonakalisa ezingadingekile: ezintsha eJalimane ekuqa- ubuholi xxi leminyaka ukhethe indlela Ukuhlanganiswa yaseYurophu, hhayi ngxabano.

Yini amaJalimane ngokwabo ukuze uhlangane?

Ngesikhathi press sikhathi izihloko eziningi amboze kokuhlanganiswa eJalimane ngo-1990, kokuxoxa eziningi abantu. Ukuhlaziya kuxoxwa amaJalimane ngokwabo ngesimo sabo esimweni sabo esisha, singaphetha ngokuthi ingxenye enkulu banayo indlela ekhethekile balibiza kanjalo izwe labo. Futhi igama lakhe, ukuzwakala kulezi izingxoxo, akazange kuhambisane olusemthethweni njengefa kusukela e-Germany.

Abantu abavamile, hhayi zwi, walibiza akagcini nje ngokuba eJalimane Omkhulu. Nokho, emazwini abo kwakungasebenzeki wazizwa futhi ukuziqhenya noma ubudlova. Bona (kwezwakala) wathi tersely, kodwa okusuka enhliziyweni, futhi la mazwi ukuzwa intando ubunye kubantu ukubhekakade zomhlaba, lidlule eziningi ukuhlolwa. Laba bantu base bekulungele ukusebenza futhi uhlala ezweni elinobunye.

Dynamics inqubo ubunye

Yiqiniso, ukubhujiswa Berlin Wall, eyasebenza njengodonga ukuqhubeka okunomqondo ukuqedwa 11.09.1989, iziphathimandla GDR ukuvimbela ekuvakasheni West Berlin, sekuwuphawu ka catalyzing ubunye eJalimane (1990).

Kafushane, lesi sakhiwo kwakufanekisela division yama-Jalimane. Them kusukela 13.8.1961, ayehlale azungezwe 165 amakhilomitha ibiyelwe off endaweni sezenhlalo-German Democratic Republic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy Soviet umsebenzi zone) kusukela West Berlin.

ababusi Ngakho sezenhlalo uvimbele ukugeleza abantu baphupha abahlala umphakathi emakethe, eqinisweni lucky, wabamba "izinhlanzi ngakolunye uhlangothi Lensimbi" kokwakhiwa donga it ababekuqongelele okuningi - abantu mayelana 2 million ..

Izazi-mlando eziningi ukholelwa ukuthi yesimanje inkathi Rubicon ngisho ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990, futhi ukubhujiswa izindonga.

Ugqozi abanokuthula ukufa. Ngu izakhamuzi GDR efuna ukungena "izwe ezibolile West Berlin" futhi ngamabomu izama ukunqoba le imitha-5 kocingo oluphakeme ngocingo oluhlabayo phezulu futhi ticongotekulindza kanye azungezwe, oshayasibhamu avulele. Bhala ngakho Kuyadabukisa, kodwa umlando ubufakazi bokuba khona kwalesi wenkundla 1065 lonakaliswe ngokushona kwabantu abangenacala.

Kuyamangaza-ke yini ukuthi abantu phezu kwamakhanda awo emashumini amane ayengezansi Gunners, ngakho bafisa inkululeko?

Isilinganiso lamazwe yisiboniso ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe German

IBrithani neFrance ngokusemthethweni baqonde kwesiphetho ukuhlanganiswa isiJalimane, uma sikubeka kahle, yashesha hhayi ngempela ubunye eJalimane (1990). tikhundla amazwe 'sebehlala ukuhlehlisa inqubo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uNdunankulu waseBrithani uMargaret Thatcher ahlinzekwa ekuqaleni ukuthatha indawo GDR emakethe ezisekelwe eside kabusha. "Iron Lady" uye wagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi "German Association has okwamanje kwi-ajenda." UMongameli French Fransua Mitteran kade lingaphansi categorical, nakuba wayeyoba kakhulu ahlelwe ukuze uxhumane iFederal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic, njengoba enzile Austria (nomunye umbuso German).

Ukuze ngokwesaba abaJuda kwadingeka abanye isisekelo. Ngemva kokululama amandla okungukuthi ekuqaleni futhi phakathi nekhulu XX kwaba umqalisi phakathi nezimpi zezwe ezimbili, uqalile eYurophu.

Yiziphi wesabe? Njengoba kanye Marx wabhala, Germany - "nomzingeli onokuhlakanipha ufuna repartition nezwe lika ayezozibusa ukuze zihambelane nabo." Nokho, Shansela Helmut Kohl ekugcineni wakwazi ukukholisa omakhelwane ukuba nokuthula futhi prohelsinskoy ezakhayo isikhundla ezivamile YaseYurophu isimo esisha-German.

I-United States kusukela ekuqaleni wabona ukuthi ngemva ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990 iyoba isikhungo esisha EU inhlangano. Leli zwe ngokungenamibandela kuyinto umlekeleli onokwethenjelwa yecebo ukuhlanganiswa German. ESoviet Union, esikhundleni salokho, akazange adale izinkinga ngoba iphupho abantu German.

Inqubo ngokuhlanganisa

isikhundla esisemthethweni ku ubunye German yayikade athuthukiswe futhi sivunyelwe ngalesi ukusayinwa iSivumelwano, elawula imali yokugcina ka umbuzo German.

Isivumelwano esasayinwa ifomula "4 + 2": eNtshonalanga Jalimane, eMpumalanga Jalimane, USA, eU.SSR, UK, France. ukusayina Ngokusobala senzeka 31.08.1990, e-Berlin Palace "Unter Den Linden". Isibhakabhaka kwalo mcimbi wabonisa ukuthi isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu ekugcwalisekeni ekupheleni XX leminyaka, ukuphila eYurophu kwakuyi-kokuhlanganiswa Germany (1990).

Izithombe Heads of State, kanye abakhona emcimbini, zibonisa ukuthi "umlando ekwenziweni" ezindongeni enqabeni. Yiqiniso, isisusa ehola kwaba nokuhlanganiswa ubumbano lukazwelonke. Kwaba kube yisibonelo sokulandelwa uxhumano ngaphakathi kwesinye isifundazwe kweminotho ababili abangefani zomphakathi zikahulumeni.

On sivumelwano ubunye

Oku kusukela uthi German asayine isivumelwano ukubeka uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Volfang Shoyble eNtshonalanga Jalimane uNobhala State ephalamende sase-GDR Günther Krause. Inkontileka ngokwalo ukusebenzisa yiSigaba XXIII ka -sisekelo German ngokujoyina GDR le FRG.

12.09.1990 eMoscow noNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle lamazwe yisiboniso ngemvume iSivumelwano ekugcineni zijwayeza le nqubo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvumelana inkontileka, ngesikhathi amahora 0 amaminithi 00 ka 14.10.1990, e-Federal Republic of Germany langena emazweni mlando German: insimu ka-East Berlin, eThuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg.

Ubunye eJalimane uma siqhathanisa nabanye izenzakalo ka 1990

Into ukwazi - emlandweni. ukuhlaziywa wakhe ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela ezithakazelisayo.

Isikhathi eside ngokuhlala ngokuhlukana isimo pereosoznaniya Paradigm amaJalimane okudingekayo ngaphambi izinhlelo lizofika. Yini thina uthole impendulo, uma ubuza (okusho hhayi isici lokulandelana, nempucuko): "? I ubunye eJalimane (1990) lapho indawo"

Ngonyaka, lapho iSoviet Union waba umbusi wawo uMongameli wokuqala (nesibongo), lapho-Armenian SSR impi Azerbayzhanskoy SSR, lapho ukulawula multi-party, lapho iQembu LamaKhomanisi yahlakazeka ngo-Poland yasungulwa eYugoslavia (PZPR). Uma eNtshonalanga Yurophu abangu zokuhlanganisa izinqubo eMpumalanga - umehluko.

isikhathi esasizosheshisa. Qala inqubo self-ukuphulukiswa impucuko womuntu, "owayesegule" ubuzwe kanye nobukhomanisi. Futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi baye baqala e-Europe. Ubani nje nempela owayeke wacabanga, isibonelo, ukuthi ngekhulu xxi inqubomgomo angaphandle German kungaba isici eliletha ukuthula ukuthula e-Europe?

Nokho mlando ushayele Rubicon yaseYurophu ubunye eJalimane (1990). Imiphumela yalokhu umcimbi - the zefilosofi: ekugcineni baseYurophu ngaphambilini kwezombusazwe amorphous waqala ukuzihlanganisa a commonality ezithile.

isiphetho

Sesihlole ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990, wafunda njengoba enengxoxo amaJalimane ngokwabo, kanye izinguqulo cindezela German. Ngeshwa, imithombo ezifuywayo lolu lwazi - nganhlanye. Wazilandela ngokunembile ngomzamo inciphe indima yalesi inhlangano.

Isibonelo, mabhamuza Ukuvalwa okwalandela lenkampani GDR-ovskogo okuholela "Robotron" electronics (ezenziwe, ngokukhethekile, PC lokuqala). Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufihla iqiniso lokuthi amayunithi yayo kwathengwa yinkampani "Siemens", okuyinto ukuhlomisa nabo ubuchwepheshe entsha, ku-oda waphakamisa ekukwazini kwabo ukuncintisana emhlabeni.

Ezinobandlululo eligcwele usizi nobuhlungu obujulile parish eMpumalanga Jalimane ehola izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye ukudalwa izakhiwo emakethe omusha (isibonelo, i-Frankfurt Stock Exchange). Eyayenziwe wadala umbono wokuthi ukuphila e-GDR saphela ekuhlaleni iFederal Republic of Germany ukuthi abantu abacindezelekile futhi zikaphayini i-socialism.

Nokho Empeleni, - kabusha enkulu yonke umkhakha sase-GDR kwaholela asize ngokuhlanganisa Germany (1990). Zichazele nokuqukethwe kwalo esikhundleni chemical, zendwangu, yokusansimbi, ukusebenza kumazwe sezenhlalo basungula ngokunemba Mechanics (ke Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaJalimane - onjiniyela ubhedu emhlabeni), embonini yezokwakha, yokukhanya, yezimoto, umkhakha ukudla. Inqubo kwakuhlelwa German ngokuqinile futhi ngokucacile. imisebenzi Cutting ukukhokha izinzuzo, bona retrained ngoba amakhono amasha. Abantu ukuza umhlalaphansi, namanje wathola impesheni.

Ephetha isethulo talomculu, sizokwenza ukuveza ukukholelwa kwethu ukuthi ubunye eJalimane ngo-1990 kanye nemphumela wayo wezepolitiki abakakholiseki balitadishisise nokuhlaziwa.