Amachashazi Atomic: umlando indalo, isithombe

Lutho ihamba intuthuko enkulu kakhulu empini. Kuyinto iqiniso eliphelele, nakuba udabuka kakhulu. Ukuze avikele ilungelo labo lokuthola indawo, abantu invents nezimiso ezikuvumela ukuba simelane isitha, esingcono namandla kumnandi.

Yazi-nendlela zivela 60s

Omunye ezisunguliwe Amazing yingcweti ngu Soviet ososayensi-zesayensi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Izindaba ukuthi ochwepheshe ezifuyiwe ubuchwepheshe ukuzivikela zadalwa futhi lwahlolwa amachashazi athomu, wavula esanda kutholakala futhi yaba newozawoza. Zonke imibhalo mayelana nentuthuko mfihlo wazila kuqashelwe eduze. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye iSoviet Union iwa, kanye Semipalatinsk yaba yingxenye Kazakhstan ezimele, imfihlo waqala avuze ulwazi kwabezindaba. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwaziwa ukuthi bamele amachashazi athomu. Incazelo nezici yalesi isikhali kumnandi ophoqelelwe wamangaza abantu abaningi. Akucaci ukuthi sikhona yini isikhali senuzi miniature enjalo kwakungatholakala Ncibilikisa omkhulu ithangi armored, ngisule isakhiwo multi-storey.

Mal futhi isuswe

Yebo, ubukhulu yalezi amachashazi lalilincane ngempela esikalini izikhali athomu. Ammunition kwadingeka osezingeni 14.3 mm 12.7 mm esindayo izibhamu senzelwe. Kodwa lokho akuzange kuwumise ososayensi futhi wadala ichashazi osezingeni 7,62 mm zonke ngqo Kalashnikov machine gun. Kuze kube namuhla, emhlabeni wonke kukhona i missile athomu, okuyinto kungafaniswa ne warhead miniature ezinjalo.

Isisekelo zonke izikhali zenuzi yiyona okuthiwa fissile impahla. Amabhomu ingxenye esebenzayo imelelwa uranium 235 noma plutonium 239. Ngo wesayensi yenuzi kukhona welithi "mass ezibucayi" - isisindo projectile, lapho kuba ukusebenza futhi afeze ukuqhuma. Ukuze i-uranium futhi plutonium, lokhu ipharamitha akuyona esingaphansi 1 kilogram. Kunengqondo ukuthi kukhona umbuzo engqondweni yami: "Yini silwenza amachashazi-athomu? Njengoba kungenzeka ngendlela osezingeni elincane enjalo ukuze uvumelane enamandla kangaka? "

Yini ngaphakathi amachashazi-athomu?

Impendulo ilula ngokwanele, kodwa umsebenzi onzima owenziwa izazi zesayensi Soviet yasisiza ke. amachashazi Atomic zazenziwe transuranic isici californium, noma uma sikubeka ngokuqondile, ka IKhompyuthaYami yayo enemisebe. Le into ine-atomic weight elilingana amayunithi 252. Ngokumangalisayo, i IKhompyuthaYami ka californium inkomba mass abagxeka g 1.8 kuphela Kodwa lokhu akulona inzuzo ebaluleke kunazo zonke ketshezi olumangalisayo. Ngezinye kwamazinyo yayo californium 252 ziphephile isakhiwo ngempumelelo ukuqoqwa ukwakha neutrons 5 kuya ku-8. Lokhu akumangazi, kusukela Uranus futhi Pluto bayakwazi ukukhiqiza neutrons 2 noma 3 kuphela. zesayensi aseSoviet yeqiwe impumelelo: kwanele ukuthatha wonke ipea californium 252, futhi ungenza ukuqhuma elikhulu wenuzi! Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso Amazing kwaphawula ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa iphrojekthi top-secret ukudala uhlobo olusha isikhali.

Ukuze California ososayensi ungasebenzisa izindlela ezimbili. I elula ukuqhuma ibhomu lenuzi elinamandla, igcwele plutonium. Enye indlela - ukudalwa isotopes nge ophendulayo athomu. Naphezu alula, indlela yokuqala kubhekwa ephumelela kunazo, ngoba ivumela ukuthola kwabantu neutron ecucuza esingeqile izikhathi eziningana ukuthi amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza. Nokho, isizinda indlela California kudinga yenuzi ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kusukela ekukhiqizweni amachashazi-athomu kudinga replenishment izinto zokusetshenziswa kunesidingo.

Kubukeka sengathi ibhomu miniature-athomu?

Ngemva kokuhlola imibhalo kuphrojekthi, ungacabanga ukubukeka amachashazi athomu. kudivayisi yabo libhekene i lula ngendlela engakholeki. Isisekelo amachashazi - sekuvele ingxenyana encane California, okuyinto ukala akukho kuka 6 amagremu. Ngesimo kufana dumbbell ehlanganisa ama- ezimbili ebhulohweni mncane.

projectile Iziqhumani ngaphakathi phama ibhola compact kabani ububanzi inhlamvu ne osezingeni 7,62 mm 8 mm. Lo sayizi esanele ukunikeza isimo supercritical ukuqala iziqhumane zasemkhathini. amachashazi Atomic, izithombe zazo ungabona ngezansi, equkethwe ngaphakathi uhlobo fuse contact. Inikeza icala lokuvukela. Lokhu kuyinto elula ngokwanele kudivayisi isikhali ibhomu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isisindo inhlamvu enjalo waphenduka ngoyisiwula kusinda kakhulu uzakwabo ezivamile. Ukuze izakhiwo ballistic kokusunguliwe babe phezulu, emkhonweni kwakudingeka ukuhlomisa icala enamandla ngaphezulu neziqhumane.

Kungani eSoviet Union imise phrojekthi?

Kukhona sici esisodwa esibalulekile, okuyinto anazo ichashazi zenuzi. iphrojekthi Soviet ukusungula nokusebenzisa ezingalweni kokusunguliwe samanje iye iphele esikhathini esiningi ngenxa yokuthi amagobolondo babe kushisa kakhulu. Ngo ukubola California kukhona ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu. Lena Isenzakalo esingokwemvelo, njengoba zonke izinto ezinemisebe esakhini esithile abathukuthelela ngu ekonakaleni. Lo mphumela, kulapho okukhulu, ezincane, isikhathi sabo isigamu-nokuphila. Ngakho, inhlamvu-athomu egcwele californium ekhiqizwa 5 watt energy ezishisayo. Ndawonye nale nqubo kukhona ushintsho izakhiwo we kuqhume kanye fuse uqobo. I esiyingozi kakhulu kwakuwukuthi Ukushisa okusheshayo uqine kungadala ukuminyana inhlamvu ekamelweni noma umgqomo, futhi kwakukhona ingozi enkulu yokuqhuma okuzenzakalelayo ichashazi lapho wadubula.

Ngenxa yalezi zimo, kwatholakala ukuthi i-isitoreji amachashazi-athomu kudinga esiqandisini ezikhethekile. Le yunithi kwaba ipuleti ngethusi ukushuba ka-15 cm, ifakwe Izinyawo 30 imizuliswano. Esikhaleni phakathi amagobolondo ngokusebenzisa imigudu ngaphansi kwengcindezi refrigerant waqalisa, eyasebenza njengodonga ammonia liquid. Lolu hlelo enikeziwe izinga lokushisa oyifunayo e amagobolondo -15˚S. Cooling ezahlukene amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu (200 Watts) nesisindo okunzima 110 kg. Ukuhambisa le ukwakhiwa kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ezokuthutha ekhethekile wanika eziningi ngokuphazamiseka.

Ngo-apharathasi of the classic uhlobo ibhomu uhlelo, ukupholisa icala futhi liyisici ezibalulekile ukwakhiwa, kodwa itholakala ngaphakathi. Endabeni amachashazi-athomu basibona isidingo sokuhlangana ukunciphisa yangaphandle amagobolondo lokushisa.

Isici kokusebenzisa amachashazi ezifana lalithé: base ubekwe kwisiqandisi at -15˚S. Uma igobolondo lususiwe kusukela esitolo, kumelwe zisetshenziswe for isigamu sehora. Phakathi nale nkathi yesikhathi edingekayo ukufaka inhlamvu esitolo isibhamu, esemgwaqweni at the isikhundla labadubuli, thatha aim nge ukunemba okunjalo futhi wenze shot. Uma ukulwa akazange abe nesikhathi ukugcina ngaphakathi kwerherho, inhlamvu kufanele ibuyiselwe esiqandisini yokugcina. I projectile, okuyinto yahlangana ngokungenamibandela isitoreji ezifanele esingaphezudlwana kwehora, ukuba libhujiswe esebenzisa imishini ekhethekile.

Izici amachashazi-athomu

Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba nenye inkinga engathí sina, eyayibonakala libhekene amachashazi athomu. vivinyo amagobolondo yabonisa Ingxenye eliphezulu ukuntengantenga izinkomba ezikhishwe energy ukuqhuma. Lokhu kulinganisela ungase ziyahlukahluka kusuka 100 kuya 700 kg TNT okulingana. Inani lawo encike ngqo kwi izimo ngaphansi lapho amachashazi agcinwe, futhi leyo nto target.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi inhlamvu-athomu - uyinto ekhethekile ngemvelo ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu. Zihluke kakhulu evamile yama-athomu ibhomu namakhemikhali iziqhumane, okuyinto abelwe ngu edwengula imiqulu emikhulu amagesi esishisayo. Temperature ifinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane degrees. A ibhola elincane kokuncinyane kwenkokhiso akuyona ngokwenyama ukukutjela imvelo yakhe amandla ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo.

Siyakwazi ukucabanga ukuthi banamandla kangakanani ukuqhuma kuyoba ngisho khilogremu 100 iziqhumane. amachashazi Atomic zinezikhathi ebuthaka shock wave, kodwa singcono kakhulu amakhemikhali zabo nozakwabo e amazinga ngemisebe. Mayelana nalesi simo idatha amagobolondo kungenzeka kusetshenziswe kuphela ukuze anqobe imigomo ezikude kakhulu. Kodwa ngisho ukuthi ayengeke azigcine umcibisholo ukuchayeka abalulekile. Snipers, zisebenzisa izinhlamvu athomu, babengavunyelwe ukudubula Ukuvutha eside futhi ukukhiqiza imizuliswano ezingaphezu kwezintathu.

Ngingalutholaphi usebenzise lezi amachashazi?

Ngiyavuma, lezi projectiles - kunalokho kwendle ukusebenzisa nezempi, futhi lo mbuzo olandelayo: "kuthiwa izinhlamvu athomu elasetshenziswa kuphi? Ukubhubhisa ziyini izinjongo zingabantu Irreplaceable? "I yesimanje ithangi zempi unamandla ngokwanele ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi projectile ngesibhakela ngalo. Nokho, lokhu akudingekile. Lapho injected ethangini ichashazi-athomu inike isamba ukushisa ukuthi ungqimba oluyisivikelo imoto ukulwa nje shabalala, kanye ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga metal. Ngenxa yalokho, isibungu waba umbhoshongo yinye, kanye ithangi yaphenduka yisimo ngokuphelele futhi asifanele ukusetshenziswa by isihloko. Omunye ichashazi-athomu uyakwazi jikisa uthuli cubic imitha akhiwe.

Colossus ngezinyawo ubumba

Kodwa ngesikhathi lesi sondo has indawo yayo ababuthakathaka. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma amachashazi-athomu awela imvelo yasemanzini, ama-iziqhumane zasemkhathini kwenzeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-medium liquid unalo impahla ukubambezela nokubonakalisa neutrons. Le mpahla iye kunakwe ososayensi kanye amathangi lamaSoviet laqala ukuvikela amathangi ngamanzi. A uhlobo zempi ivikela izimoto ukulwa kusukela amachashazi isitha, California.

Ebizayo, ezingalindelekile futhi exotic

Umlando zezibhamu-athomu waphoqeleka ukuba zingagcwaliseki kanye ukwethulwa ukujanyiswa ukuhlolwa amathuluzi banezimfanelo amakhono zenuzi. Lonke Inkinga yayiwukuthi labo izinqolobane California, okuyinto wakwazi ukudlula ukuqhuma elinamandla zinyamalale kunalokho ngokushesha. Kwakukhona kuphela indlela ehlukile yokuthola - ngokusebenzisa amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza. Nokho, le ndlela iye ebhekwa futhi isivuno isici esibalulekile lalilincane. Lolu hlobo izimo zenziwe isipele ngokungabi nidinga ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa inhlamvu athomu. Qondisa ezomvikela yezwe yanquma ukuthi isitha singayibhubhisa izinhlamvu, okuyinto asidingi umzamo kangaka ekukhiqizeni, isitoreji kanye nokuphathwa. Mayelana nale phrojekthi "amachashazi Nuclear" be-USSR eligoqiwe futhi wathumela ukuze abuthele uthuli emashalofini yokugcina imfihlo.

Manje bheka ukuthuthukiswa kwaleyo minyaka, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ngifike endaweni ethile eminyuziyamu noma amaqoqo yangasese izincwadi ezingavamile, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo lulahlekile eside. Iqiniso lokuthi impilo eshalofini yalezi amachashazi kukhawulwe iminyaka eyisithupha. Mhlawumbe ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ucwaningo Kuyaqhubeka yokuthuthukisa amagobolondo zenuzi miniature waseCalifornia, kodwa kufanele bachithe umsebenzi titanic ukubenza ukhululekile ukusebenzisa futhi ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza yabo. Melana imithetho physics kunzima ngempela. Noma kunjalo, njengoba le-athomu ichashazi Californium njengoba ofakwe anezici ezimbi:

• kushisa kakhulu ngesikhatsi isitoreji;
• Badinga Ukupholisa njalo;
• kumelwe zisetshenziswe kungakapheli nesigamu sehora ngemva defrosting;
• amandla engazinzile engalawuliwe ukuqhuma icala;
• neutralized nabo amanzi imvelo;
• California ukukhiqizwa endaweni enuzi - inqubo eside futhi ezibizayo.

Isiqalo nesigcino Kulezi zimo futhi kwaba isizathu ukuthi iphrojekthi Amazing ngokuthi "amachashazi Nuclear" be-USSR uye walondoloza kuze izikhathi ezingcono. Akukona ngisho ukuthi ukuqhubeka zempi Sayidabukela imali. ubuholi wezwe uye abalwa iphrojekthi ayisizi futhi exotic kakhulu ekuqaleni 80-yalolucwaningo.

Okwamanje, eRussia behlome ngemibese mobile missile nomoya ukuzivikela izinhlelo eziningana, ezifana "Strela" futhi "Igla". Ngo design yabo ine homing uhlelo okudinga Ukupholisa ukuba -200˚S. Lokhu kufezwa ngezinkathi zezikhathi ngokunikeza medium kusukela liquid nitrogen bese ibiza kakhulu. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukukhonza njengephayona nobuqili eMnyango Wezokuvikela kuye abalwa kule divayisi zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali ngokungadingekile kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngeke usebenze. Ukugcina amandla ukulwa isimo olungisisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ezibizayo. Mhlawumbe ephathekayo mini Ukupholisa uhlelo inhlamvu zenuzi ezothuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo, futhi bayohlala behlome amasosha abavamile kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhali ezincane zenuzi e-US

Mayelana owaqala owasungula le amachashazi athomu, futhi manje bengayeki mpikiswano. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala izikhali ultra-ezincane futhi enamandla kwavela 60s kwekhulu elidlule, lapho isimo sezwe baphokophelele ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha lempi. Umbuzo izikhali izindlela yesenzo elimazayo ke sibucayi kakhulu, futhi amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali - US ne-Soviet Union besondela ukudala ubuchwepheshe zenuzi ukulondoloza silinganiso wezempi. Izazi eziningi sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi inhlamvu-athomu - izingqondo ibhizinisi nezandla ongoti American. At inhliziyo ukuthuthukiswa yabo - umbono wokubhujiswa izidalwa eziphilayo ngaphakathi endaweni engaba ethile ye projectile esebenzisa eshaya igesi ekhethekile ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi i-imeyli engahlonziwe. Ngo-USSR ukuthuthukiswa inhlamvu-athomu yithemba ukuba ngimbuze isitha ezingaba khona.

Namuhla, impicabadala iphrojekthi ixazululwe, kubonakala, isihloko wahlala kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Nokho, incwadi ethi yakamuva yabezindaba American wenza wonke umuntu ucabanga ngalokho amachashazi zenuzi. Ngo Texas, iqembu zesayensi ukwenze eziningi ucwaningo ezihlobene ukuhlola ibhomu egcwele hafnium isomer. Ukuze bathole izidakamizwa, ilungu core zishiswe ngemisebe ye-X-amagagasi. Ososayensi bamangala inqubo labelwa ubungako bamandla ukuthi idlula izikhathi 60 izindleko yokuvula isikweleti. Ikhwalithi emisebeni okuholela Yayinesikhwanyana ngokuyisisekelo ye-gamma-spectrum, okuyinto elimaza eziphilayo. Hafnium umthamo elimazayo elilingana 50 kg TNT okulingana. Lolu hlobo isikhali ukwamukela imithetho amabhomu mini-wenuzi noma ukuhlela mini-Newco, okuyinto zichazwe ukuphepha Bush Doctrine.

Akwaziwa ukuthi endabeni ukuthuthukiswa kuyaqhubeka eRussia, Nokho, mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ososayensi bethu kuyodingeka ukusho okuthile ngale ukuthuthukiswa ozakwabo American.