Gerbert Guver (Herbert Clark Hoover), 31 uMongameli th-United States: Biography, empilweni yakho, umsebenzi wezepolitiki

US President Ikusasa Gerbert Guver Wazalwa ngo-August 10, 1874 e West Yegatsha. Abazali bakhe amaQuaker kusukela Iowa wesifundazwe izimpande German. Ubaba walo mfana ithengiswe imishini ipulazi futhi wasebenza njengoba wensimbi. Washona Herbert wayeneminyaka engamashumi 6 ubudala. Umama washona ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 4. Ukuhlala umfana oyintandane wathutha kuyisekazi e Oregon. Ngo-1891, i-Hoover abasha langena bangaphambi wavula Stanford University. Ngu umsebenzi wayengumuntu unjiniyela izimayini, futhi ayengenazo izimpawu ukuthi lokhu uchwepheshe uzobe wahlanganyela ezombusazwe.

Umsebenzi izimayini unjiniyela

Ngo-1895, Gerbert Guver wathola iziqu ze-bachelor. Umsebenzi wakhe lochwepheshe Kwakujabulisa kakhulu. Kodwa bonke baqala ngesizotha. Okokuqala Stanford iziqu got a izinkampani wezindlu izimayini idwala Vuza Imayini yegolide. Khona-ke uchwepheshe abasha nesithakazelo LaseBrithani. IsiZulu Bewick, Moreing and Company, ezikhethekile igolide, uye waqasha Hoover oneminyaka engu-23 ubudala futhi abasisiwe kuye e-Australia. On the "izwekazi oluhlaza" nozakwethu American wafundisa khona indlela ethize California kwemayini ensimbini eyigugu. E-Australia, Gerbert Guver yazuza okuhlangenwe nakho eliyigugu hhayi nje njengomuntu sokuma, kodwa futhi njengomphathi.

Khona-ke onguchwepheshe uthole i sipho ongalindelekile uhulumeni waseChina. EChina izimayini sisesimweni lasekuqaleni. AmaShayina wafuna ufunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke uyakwazi futhi eyingqabavu Gerbert Guver kwaba ikhandidethi engcono kakhulu abangayithatha. American "lucky" ukuba China ngesikhathi lapho aqala elidumile Boxer Rebellion. It kwaba negagasi ezimpini ezingxenyeni angaphandle. Against kwekubuswa zazivela ikakhulukazi abalimi. Abayithandi umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu.

Uma Tianjin, lapho Hoover wahlala, bangena phansi amabhomu. Rebel igobolondo ishayise isakhiwo elise komgwaqo kusukela American unjiniyela ekhaya. Ngalolo suku, uHerbert Clark Hoover, bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini, waphuthuma endlini, ubhubhe ehlenga intombazanyana Chinese. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1928, yena njengoMenzi ikhandidethi kamongameli e-United States wamenqabela ukwenza izintatheli obala indaba ngesikhathi ekhankasela ukhetho. Phakathi Boxer Rebellion American akugcini nje wahlanganyela kule imisebenzi eqondile, kodwa futhi ubuyisele nojantshi ubhujiswe.

ukuphila Siqu

Amazing umsebenzi sinesimo sengqondo e China buye baphoqa Hoover ukucabanga mayelana nomkhaya wabo wesikhathi esizayo. Le nsizwa wayevele nengoduso ngubani lisaphila California. Ngo 1898, Lou Genri Guver esizayo wathola kusukela yocingo nomkhwenyana, lapho wachaza uhambo oluzayo ukuze Asia futhi wamnika ukushada. Intombazane ivumile. Laba bobabili izibopho kuhlanganiswe ngomshado Februwari 10, 1899 emzini eMonterrey. Ukulandela isibonelo umyeni wakhe Lu Genri wathatha amaQuaker ukholo. Umbhangqwana osanda kushada samuka ngomkhumbi e China isivele ngosuku olulandelayo emva komshado. Umlingani ubelokhu eseduze ukuba Herbert njalo. Washona ngo-1964.

Ngezinye Hoover othile wayenabantwana ababili. Herbert wazalwa ngo-1903, waba unjiniyela kanye usomaqhinga. Njengoyise yakhe, wathola iziqu Stanford University. Usebenze wobunjiniyela emkhakheni izindiza ubunjiniyela, Geophysics, futhi 50 kwakuyilungelo UNobhala woMbuso ophethe uxhumano Middle East. Indodana encane Allan uye futhi ube unjiniyela izimayini, futhi iningi umsebenzi wakhe wachitha eCalifornia.

Usomabhizinisi futhi UMuphi

Ngo-1901, Gerbert Guver kokuhamba eChina. Waba co yomnikazi Bewick, Moreing & Co, ezikhethekile embonini yezimayini. Okwesikhathi esithile, waphindela e-Australia. Ngo-1908, Hoover waqala umsebenzi ongumxhumanisi ezimele. Kulandelwa inkathi ebambisene nezinkampani emhlabeni wonke. Lo chwepheshe usesebenze e-San Francisco, London, New York, Petersburg, Paris, ngisho eBurma, lapho kanye umalaleveva. owayezoba umongameli US wabambisana izikhulu Ural. Ikakhulukazi, wabasiza ukuthuthukisa idiphozi zethusi Kyshtym, futhi wabe esebalekela ezimayini kuleli Altai Mountains. Ngenxa ukutshalwa yimpumelelo ngo-1914 uHerbert Hoover waba ngumuntu ocebile. isimo sakhe siqu imayelana $ 4 million.

ukuphila Hoover usushintshile kakhulu emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ehlobo lika-1914 kwaba e-London. I-US inxusa eBrithani ebuzwa Hoover ukuze usize ukuhlela kuthutha yezakhamuzi US abazithola Europe ngaphambi usengozini ofayo. Kwakuyisikhathi yisisindo esikhulu abantu - abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-120.

Khona-ke, owayezoba umongameli Gerbert Guver wasungula ikhomishana ukusiza Belgium matasa kuwo. AmaJalimane ngisho bavumile ukudlula zosizo, okuyinto zazidilivwa ezwekazini olwandle. Ngalesi sikhathi ngoxhaxha British igcinwe eJalimane e imikhumbi yayivimbile. AmaNgisi futhi akazange amelane ukulethwa kwezimpahla emphakathini. Hoover Commission kwasheshe kungazithinta kakhulu izingane. Wathenga ukudla e-Australia futhi Melika, futhi izimoto zawo zaba nedlanzana imikhumbi ambalwa.

kakhulu ikusasa uMongameli 31 yase-United States izikhathi eziningana sawela front line futhi njalo wafaka ukuphila kwakhe engozini. yokugcinwa zayo asebenzayo ayikwazanga indiva. Ngo-1919, i-impumelelo eziningi enkonzweni lwesintu futhi ubunjiniyela Washington Award waklonyeliswa Hoover.

UNgqongqoshe ukuhweba

Ekupheleni kwempi, Hoover waba owaziwayo nabadumile. Ngo-1918 ngesinqumo uMongameli Woodrow Wilson , wabahola American Relief Administration. Wathatha zonke okufanayo: ukusiza inhlangano wabhubhisa Europe (izimpahla eziningi zazo zithunyelwa yePoland neCzechoslovakia). Nakuba kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwase kudlulile kakade, ukushayisana entsha olunegazi Kwagqashuka eRussia, lapho kulwiwa waqala.

Ngo-1919, inhlangano wamsiza Hoover White Northwest Army. AbaseMelika alethwe kakolweni wokudla ufulawa, ubhontshisi, uphizi, Ubisi olujiyile, lard. Ngo-1921, Hoover kwaba uNobhala US of Commerce. Wamiswa uMongameli Uorren Ngokuphathelene, sasivumela ontengo yakhe yayinqunyiwe olutheni umhleli onekhono.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kule post Hoover odlale indima ebalulekile ekwakheni umkhakha umsakazo American. Nakuba ukusakaza usebenzisa lezi amadivaysi kulawulwa Ministry of yezokuhwebelana kanye Hoover mathupha. Kwaba mkhulu kangaka, ukuthi iNkantolo Federal ukhawulele namandla inhloko yomnyango. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, baseMelika baye bahlupheka kusukela isiyaluyalu e imisakazo yabo, lapho iziteshi ezahlukene waqhubeka emoyeni ngesivinini esifanayo.

Ukudideka esezinzile 1927. Sashaya edumile Radio Mthetho, owawuthi ekhethekile Federal Radio Commission yadalwa.

Siza Soviet Russia

Ngo-1921 waqala khona indlala esesabekayo ishayé sekukaningi ku iVolga esifundeni eRussia. Isizathu salokho babe kulwiwa, inqubomgomo elukhuni requisitioning nokubhubhisa ephelele kule ndawo. Ingabe eside ithonya umbhali phesheya Maxim Gorky usecele uhulumeni wase-US ukuze uthole usizo. Hoover yayaziwa anti-kwamaBolshevik isikhundla sakhe, kodwa walile ukweseka abalambile. Ngo-August 1921, eRiga, American Relief Administration kanye Yabantu Commissar Wezindaba Zangaphandle Maksim Litvinov yasayina isivumelwano kwi supply kwezimpahla zezenhlalakahle ukuze Soviet Russia.

Ekuqaleni, usizo enikeziwe kuphela izingane nabagulayo. AbaseMelika ihlelwe etafuleni, okungase uthole kuphela kakhulu edinga ukusekelwa belamba. Zathola ikhadi ekhethekile yokufaka.

Ngo Petrograd wedwa baseMelika wavula canteens 120, okwakubekelwa owabangelwa izingane ezingaphezu kuka-42 eziyinkulungwane. Ukugeleza eziyisisekelo ukudla ithunyelwa iVolga: Samara, Kazan, Saratov futhi isifundazwe Simbirsk (of Kwabonakala emakhishini mayelana 7000). Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuqala ukudiliva Hoover e-Washington wehluleka ukwenza izishaya ukunweba izimali ohlelweni.

Inkinga yayiwukuthi ngaleso sikhathi US sikahulumeni alimazanga uhulumeni wamaSoviet. Ukudiliva eRussia saphela ngo-1923. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngokuvumelana Commissariat, ke ingeniswe mayelana 585.000 amathani ukudla, imithi nezingubo zokugqoka.

likaMengameli

Ngo-1928, Hoover (njengoba ilungu US Republican Party) langena elilandelayo uhlanga kamongameli. imbangi yakhe eyinhloko kwaba Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover wakwazi ukunqoba sibonga kwesithunzi nokuhlonipheka kwakhe. Ngemva kwakhe kwaba yimpumelelo siqu njengoba nje nosomabhizinisi nokusiza eYurophu ngempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baseMelika kubhekwe inani siqu kaNgqongqoshe of Commerce emangalisayo kwezomnotho boom 20s.

Nokho, ukuba ehhovisi zomphakathi Hoover main kwaphawulwa ekuqaleni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Inkinga stock market wabangela ukuwa kwezomnotho. Hoover kwadingeka ukuba zibhekane nabo isiphepho kwezomnotho, awukho nowodwa ukuthandwa okuyinto ubelokhu noma US noma Europe. inqubomgomo anti-Inkinga kukaMongameli lancipha amaphuzu ambalwa asemqoka. Okokuqala, wazama ukunikeza ukuthuthukiswa ezengeziwe amabhizinisi amancane ngasese. Okwesibili, Hoover ophoqa abaqashi hhayi ukwehlisa ukukhiqizwa ayo. ecasulayo Nombono Ongathí Sina umphakathi kwaba ukushayisana phakathi kwezinyunyana kanye nabaqashi. UMongameli wazama ukududuza lokhu kuphikiswa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Hoover ezihlongozwayo uhlelo imisebenzi okukhulu zomphakathi, obekumele ukuxazulula inkinga lokuvukela abangasebenzi. Ngo-1930, Congress ivume uhlelo futhi abelwe nokuqaliswa kwalo kwezigidi ezingu-750. Kodwa, naphezu kwemizamo wombuso angenele isimo, isimo baqhubeka buba bubi nakakhulu. Ehlobo lika-1930, abaqashi waqala kunonophiswe kubuye kuncishiswe umkhiqizo wabo.

Ngokusikisela Hoover, Congress wadala Isikhwama, usekelwa zazo wojantshi ezibaluleke kakhulu, kanye esikweletu yasebhange izikhungo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMongameli vetoed umthetho usizo ngqo sezimali abangasebenzi, ucabangela ukuthi ngokweqile imali ukumnika uyobe sokuphuca laba bantu ngokusuka ekutholeni umsebenzi omusha. Ngo-1932, inani wabo wafika engakaze ibonwe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-12, futhi wonke umkhiqizo US ngesikhathi kunezinkinga wawa ngo-50%.

kwekuhlela kabusha ezinganeni

Kuyinto ukwazi ukuthi ekuqaleni 1929 Hoover liqala ukubusa, wayezovuma ukuba afeze yizinguquko kwezomnotho, okuyinto kwakufanele eminye buthaka ithonya isimo sika emnothweni. Kwakuyisikhathi Yiqiniso okuqhubekayo libertarianism, noma isimiso lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi noninterference. Ukwenza uhlelo kwezomnotho, Hoover wancika nelwatinchanti lwabo usomabhizinisi, ukusebenza ezihlukahlukene amazwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Okunye izenzakalo eziphawulekayo Inqubomgomo ezifuywayo 1929-1933. kwaba ukusungulwa-Federal Bureau of Emajele kanye kabusha of Bureau of Indian Affairs. Hoover futhi walivikela kakhulu izinguquko yempesheni, ngenxa okuyinto wonke umuntu waseMelika oneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65 kumele bathole $ 50 ngenyanga. Ngenxa Yokuwohloka Okukhulu , lo mzamo ayizange igcwaliseke.

inqubomgomo angaphandle

Ngo-1928, Gerbert Guver kwadingeka uhambo engakaze ibonwe lamazwe ayishumi e-Latin America. Phakathi nalolo hambo, wathi: 25 izinkulumo nokuvakasha ngokwabo kwaholela ukudedelwa elala amazwe kuleli zwekazi. Ngesikhathi ehlala e-Argentina, Hoover cishe baba yisisulu kokubulawa we anarchist wendawo.

Naphezu kwazo zonke ubunkimbinkimbi umongameli wakwazi ukubeka izisekelo inqubomgomo entsha "umakhelwane omuhle", owathatha ngemva eziningi "banana izimpi". Lokhu ujabule ngokuthi izenzo US ngokumelene Caribbean naseMelika Ephakathi, amaMelika, ngokukhethekile, elawulwa Puerto Rico kanye Cuba. Inqubomgomo igama elithi "umakhelwane omuhle" kwaqhubeka ngaphansi Roosevelt. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, ngo-1934, Amabutho aseMelika ahambile Haiti.

Ukuhluleka kabusha ukhetho

Isimo ezadala umonakalo ngo emnothweni eye yaqeda ukuthembeka Hoover. Esondela wokhetho lobumengameli ngo-1932, futhi izinga yayo Ukusekela kwakukukhulu prohibitively ongaphakeme. Phakathi bendabuko inkulumo pre-ukhetho ukuze abavoti Hoover wahlangana nabantu abalukhuni nobutha waba munyu. Engqubuzanayo umongameli Franklin Roosevelt. Wanqoba ukhetho, ekubeni inhloko olandelayo we-United States.

ikhandidethi Republican lahluleka zemvelo. Hoover ababephila ngesikhathi abasolwa ngokuqhuba ukwehluleka ukuthatha uhlelo anti-Inkinga, okungase ukunqanda isiphepho kwezomnotho. Roosevelt esenyukele ukuba izinyathelo kakhulu futhi uhlongoza inkambo entsha, isimo isiqondise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho nanamuhla, izazi-mlando zithi Hoover waba isimo kalowo. Wayengumuntu esibi ukuthi abe ngumengameli ngosuku olwandulela obumbi ukuthi kwabheduka akulona iphutha lakhe, futhi ngenxa yezizathu inhloso, kopivshimsya amashumi eminyaka. Abasekeli Hoover waphawula futhi waveza ukuthi ngesikhathi ibambene Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, akukho zinyathelo ukusiza umongameli Melika bahluleka.

eminyakeni eyadlule ifa

Radicalism Roosevelt kwaba ukuthi Wasukuma waya endaweni okwedlulele indima umbuso emnothweni, kuphambene emakethe evamile imodeli US.

Hoover, kokuba isakhamuzi yangasese, kwaphela iminyaka eminingi wagxeka nemigomo esikhundleni sakhe. Lapho seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wakhuthaza hhayi ezindabeni European.

Hoover wabuyela kwahulumeni ngaphansi uMongameli uTruman futhi Eisenhower. umphathi abanolwazi ephethwe ikomidi, okuholela izinguquko apharathasi isimo. Uye ebhaliwe izihloko nezincwadi eziningi, kuhlanganise Umlando, okuyinto echazwe intsha kohambo lwakhe elikhanyayo. Hoover kwaba owayengunkosikazi umengameli ngesikhathi irekhodi ngesikhathi sawo ekupheleni inkathi yeminyaka engu-31. Washona ngo-October 20, 1964, eNew York. Owabe lomuntu lokuthoma engu-90 ubudala. indawo yakhe yokugcina yokuphumula isibe Iowa bomdabu.

United States ezijabulisayo umongameli 31, ngubani, naphezu kwakho konke ezicashile Okukhulu Kwezomnotho e ukuguga kungase ukuthi avuselelwe emehlweni izakhamuzi. Igama lakhe izinto eziningi kanye nezindawo. I aziwayo engcono kakhulu lo Hoover Dam (AZ). Idamu eMfuleni Colorado, futhi namuhla ubhekwa esiyingqayizivele. ukwakhiwa aso eqala ngesikhathi uMongameli Hoover ngo-1931, futhi kuzophela ngesikhathi Roosevelt ngo-1936. I okusalungiswa lokuqala naleli damu, uvele eNkantolo 1920. ke Hoover kwaba ungqongqoshe ukuhweba futhi waba ilungu Commission obhekene iphrojekthi edamini. Ngenxa wakhe, wakwazi ukuya esiteshini amanzi eningizimu California futhi ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo wendawo, kanye ukunqanda avukelayo ezintabeni emfuleni.