Kiev ubukhulu: isikhundla yendawo izici iBhodi

Kiev ubukhulu, isikhundla ezindawo ka okuzoxoxwa okwengeziwe, wawuqala 1132 iminyaka 1471. indawo yakhe ihlanganisa umhlaba ezivulekile futhi Drevlyane ku eMfuleni Dnieper nemingenela yayo - Pripyat, grouse Irpen futhi Ros, futhi ingxenye ibhange kwesokunxele.

Kiev ubukhulu: indawo

Lokhu indawo Umncele Polotsk izwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga, futhi enyakatho-mpumalanga kwaba Chernigov. omakhelwane Western futhi ningizimu-ntshonalanga babe Poland kanye ubukhulu ka galich. Idolobhana, eyakhelwe amagquma, waba isendaweni enhle lempi. , Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi livikelwe kahle ingasaphathwa isikhundla ezindawo ka the Kiev ubukhulu. Budebuduze kunedolobha ubudala Vruchy (noma Ovruch), Sifundazwe, kanye Vyshgorod - zonke kwadingeka izinqaba ezinhle futhi wona alawula indawo eduze enhlokodolobha, okuyinto isivikelo entshonalanga ohlangothini eningizimu-ntshonalanga. On engxenyeni eseningizimu ligcwale izinqaba uhlelo esakhiwe loMfula Dnieper, futhi eziningi edolobheni kahle futhi uvikeleke emfuleni Ros.

Kiev ubukhulu: isici

Ngaphansi idatha okufanele aqondwe ubukhulu isimo kwetinhlavu Rus lasendulo wawuqala 12 kuya ku-15 leminyaka. Kiev laliyinhloko-dolobha wezombangazwe nasekuphileni okuvamile. Yasungulwa aphume ezindaweni ehlukaniswe Old isimo Russian. Kakade phakathi nekhulu le-12. amandla izikhulu Kiev ukubaluleka onohlonze kwadingeka kuphela phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze imibuso ubukhulu. ukubaluleka Zonke-Russian lalahleka idolobha, futhi umncintiswano ukulawula namandla waqhubeka kwaze kwaba amaMongol ahlasele. Leso sihlalo sobukhosi sekudlule oda ezithile ongaziwa, futhi angasho eziningi kuye. Futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu kungenzeka amandla kwakuxhomeke ithonya izikhulu eqinile Kiev kanye okuthiwa "hoods omnyama".

ukuphila zenhlalakahle kanye nezomnotho

Indawo eduze Dnieper nendima enkulu empilweni kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kokukhulumisana Sea, wahola Kiev kuya aseBaltic, yini eyasiza eWestern Dvina futhi Berezina. Desna futhi Seim ukuxhumana Don kanye Oka futhi le Bug Western futhi Pripyat - ne Neman kanye Dniester. Kwakukhona indlela okuthiwa "kusukela amaViking amaGreki ', okuyinto ukuhweba. Ngenxa inhlabathi evundile futhi sezulu esipholile, ezolimo lakhula ngokushesha; Kwasakazwa ezinkomeni zizalela, ukuzingela, izakhamizi zase zihileleke ukudoba futhi kwezinyosi. Kulezi izingxenye zazihlukaniswe ukuhweba ekuseni. "Drevodelie" kudlalwa ngempela indima ebalulekile, kanye zobumba kanye ukushuka izikhathi. Ngenxa yokuba khona yensimbi imali, kwakunokwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa smithing. izinhlobo eziningi izinsimbi (esiliva, ithini, ithusi, okuhola igolide) kwalethwa esuka emazweni angomakhelwane. Ngakho, bonke laba nomthelela ekwakhekeni ekuseni wezohwebo izikebhe ubudlelwane ekhatsi Kiev, eduze emadolobheni ngakho.

nomlando wezepolitiki

Njengoba ukulahlekelwa inhlokodolobha yenani zonke-Russian, ababusi nemibuso esiqine uqale ukuthumela eKiev proteges - "podruchnik". A isibonelo 1113, lapho kuqala dlula yokutholwa ngokulandelana yesihlalo sobukhosi wamenywa uVladimir Monomakh, izicukuthwane kamuva esetshenziswa ukuze kuthethelelwe ilungelo labo ukhethe eqinile futhi uyabukeka umbusi wabo. Ubukhulu of Kiev, okuyinto kuhambisana incazelo umlando wombango, selande laze laba yempi, lapho nemizana baye bahlupheka umonakalo eside, uyachitheka, abantu ngokwabo bathunjwa. Isikhathi ukuzinza Kyïv wabona ezikhathini Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, futhi Romana Mstislavovicha Volynskogo. Okunye izikhulu ngokushesha ngokulandelana babe izindaba xaxa kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Zonakala ubukhulu Kiev, isikhundla ezindawo evumela kuye ukuvikela lokhu kuhle isikhathi eside, phakathi amaMongol ahlasele e 1240.

ukwahlukana

Russian sidilizwa State ekuqaleni ifakiwe principalities zamaKhosi. Nokho, isimo sesishintshile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho izikhulu zendawo aqala ukuba dengwane ngenxa ubunjalo Rurik, baqala ukwakha ubukhulu, okuyinto ilawulwa abamele umugqa omncane. Zavedonny oda ngokulandelana bekulokhu ahlukanisayo njalo. Ngo 1054 Yaroslav Mudry namadodana akhe labe seliqala ukuhlukana Kyïv ubukhulu. Ukuhlukana isibe umphumela ongenakugwenywa lezi zenzakalo. Isimo saba sibi kakhulu ngemva Lyubechenskogo Cathedral Izikhulu 1091. Nokho, lesi simo lithuthukile sibonga inqubomgomo Vladimir Monomakh nendodana yakhe Mstislava Velikogo, ngubani wakwazi ukugcina ubuqotho. Babekwazi waphinda wafaka ngaphansi kokulawula inhloko-dolobha ubukhulu Kiev, isimo ezindawo okwakukhona ngempela esihle zizivikele ezitheni, futhi ezicini eziningi, yemibango yangaphakathi kuphela bonakalisa isimo isimo.

Ngemva kokufa kuka-Mstislav e 1132 kwafika kwehlukana zezombusazwe. Nokho, naphezu kwalokho, Kiev namanje amashumi eminyaka labetibambile isimo hhayi kuphela isikhungo esisemthethweni, kodwa futhi ubukhulu enamandla kakhulu. Ithonya lakhe elahlekile ngokuphelele, kodwa siye saba buthaka kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne isimo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XII.